VOA标准英语2011--Gorbachev's Domestic Reforms Led to End of Soviet Union

（单词翻译）

Gorbachev's Domestic Reforms Led to End of Soviet¹ Union

December marks the 20th anniversary of the collapse² of the Soviet Union. It was the internal reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev, the last Soviet leader, that contributed to the demise³ of the Soviet Union.

Gorbachev emerged as the leader of the Soviet Union in early 1985. At 54, he was the youngest member of the ruling Politburo that voted him into power.

Former National Security Adviser⁴, General Brent Scowcroft, said the Soviet Union previously⁵ had a succession of elderly leaders.

"So Gorbachev, I think, was brought in to stimulate⁶ the system. And exactly how, we didn’t know. And I’m not sure he did,” said Scowcroft.

For the next six years, Gorbachev embarked⁷ on a series of domestic reforms that radically⁸ changed the Soviet Union.

Former U.S. Ambassador to Moscow Thomas Pickering said, "What he attempted to do is, he analyzed⁹ where Russia was going and attempted to ride a horse - instead, he was on the back of a bucking¹⁰ elephant.”

Gorbachev’s reforms touched all segments of society. It included freeing press restrictions¹¹ and releasing political prisoners and dissidents from jail and internal exile.

“He was not a democrat¹², but he was trying to get more efficiency out of the system and reduce the extent of coercion¹³ and oppression,” said Scowcroft.

One institution Gorbachev failed to reform, however, was the Soviet Communist Party. And it is within its ranks, along with the leadership of the military and the KGB, that hardliners attempted a coup¹⁴ against Gorbachev in August 1991.

But the coup failed.

“It was a pretty inept¹⁵ coup attempt. It was not carefully planned, not carefully carried out,” said Scowcroft.

Pickering agrees, saying “It had bankrupt leadership. It was in some ways vodka-soaked, elderly, old think."

The Soviet Union collapsed¹⁶ four months after the failed coup attempt. And, said Scowcroft, that allowed Boris Yeltsin, Gorbachev’s nemesis¹⁷, to take Gorbachev head on.

“Now how do you eliminate Gorbachev? You pull the Soviet Union right from under him. And I think the end of the Soviet Union, the technical end of it, was in large part because then Gorbachev had no job,” said Scowcroft.

Many experts say Gorbachev unleashed¹⁸ forces he ultimately couldn’t contain - forces that inevitably¹⁹ led to the demise of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991, when Gorbachev resigned as Soviet president.