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VOA慢速英语2016 人工智能,是敌是友?

时间:2016-05-30 23:11:56

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Artificial Intelligence: Helpful and Dangerous 人工智能,是敌是友?

Computers and other machines have and will continue to change the way people do business and how we live.

Many researchers use the term artificial intelligence (AI) to describe the thinking and intelligent behavior demonstrated by machines. While AI can be helpful to human beings, scientists warn, it can also be a threat.

We live with artificial intelligence all around us. A few examples are iPhone’s personal assistant Siri, searches on the Internet, and autopilot programs on airplanes.

AI is not new. But it is quickly getting more and more complex, and, well, more intelligent.

Stuart Russell teaches computer science at the University of California, Berkeley. He says humans should be sure to make AI products that we like.

”If we are going to make systems that are going to be more intelligent than us, it’s absolutely essential for us to understand how to absolutely guarantee that they only do things that we are happy with.”

In the future, Russell says, many of today’s jobs that require a lot of physical labor1 will be replaced by machines with artificial intelligence. These include agricultural jobs, and ones with repetitive duties like telephone call centers. AI machines could also replace jobs like ones in the financial industry — jobs that require studying a lot of data.

This could lead to more questions.

”But if we replaced all the jobs that require human physical labor and then we replace all the jobs that require human mental labor, then you have to ask, well, 'What’s left?'”

Russell sees artificial intelligence changing the economy and current way of life.

“Most people will be employed, possibly even self-employed, in providing individualized personal services to other human beings, that we won’t have mass employment in manufacturing or in financial services.”

He says that means the large factory, or large office building with thousands of people doing the same thing, will go away.

Guruduth Banavar is IBM’s Chief Science Officer of Cognitive2 Computing3. He sees a future where new jobs such as data engineering will be created.

”The future will require everybody to work with these learning reasoning machines. So I think the skill set for many of these jobs will end up being different in the future.”

The health care industry is one area artificial intelligence is already changing. AI can process huge amounts of data, so doctors can use the most up-to-date information to diagnose4 and treat patients.

IBM’s Watson technology is already in use at hospitals in North and South America, Europe and Asia.

Banavar says Watson helps doctors keep up with information.

“The difference between going to a doctor who has Watson versus5 not having Watson is very big, because when doctors, you go to a doctor today you might find somebody who is 10 years out of date.”

There is also a dangerous side to artificial intelligence. One example is combining drone aircraft technology and AI to create autonomous6 weapons.

Stuart Russell is working to create international treaties to ban such weapons. He says the risk is that people will use this technology to develop a kind of “poor man’s nuclear weapon.”

“It is a race against time because the weapons are starting to emerge7, the research is moving into development, development is moving into production...”

IBM’s Banavar points out the value of artificial intelligence, including search engines and the autopilot function on planes.

The debate about whether artificial intelligence is good -- or bad -- for humans continues. Researchers agree there is no question that the technology is here, and will continue to change life on our planet.

计算机和其它机器已经改变并将继续改变人类的商业和生活模式。

研究员们用“人工智能(AI)”一词来描述机器表现出的思维和智能行为。科学家们警告称,尽管人工智能为人类带来便利,但也会成为一种威胁。

人工智能渗透我们生活的方方面面。包括苹果手机的智能语音功能Siri,互联网搜索引擎及飞机上的自动驾驶仪。

人工智能并非近期出现。然而,它高速发展的同时越来越复杂,也越来越智能。

斯图尔特·罗素(Stuart Russell)在加州大学伯克利分校教授计算机科学。他表示,应该制造我们喜欢的人工智能产品。

他说,“如果制造比人脑更加智能的系统,那么一定得了解如何确保它们只做我们让满意的事情。”

人工智能是敌是友.jpg

罗素表示,未来很多需要大量体力劳动的工作岗位将被人工智能机器所替代。包括农业领域,以及重复性工作如电话呼叫中心。人工智能机器可能也将取代金融行业里研究海量数据的职位。

这可能会导致很多问题。

他说,“如果我们用人工智能取代所有需要体力劳动的工作岗位,然后取代所有需要脑力劳动的岗位,那么你就得思考,‘我们还剩下些什么?’”

罗素认为人工智能改变了经济模式和当今的生活方式。

他说,“大多数人找的工作,甚至有人单干,都是为别人提供个性化的定制服务,那时候我们在制造业或者金融业就不会有大规模的就业现象。”

他说,这意味着成千上万个做同一种工作的大型工厂或大型写字楼将会倒闭。

格如德斯·巴拿瓦(Guruduth Banavar)是IBM认知计算部的首席科学官。他认为未来会出现数据工程等新职位。

“将来每个人都得跟这些学习、推理机器一起工作。因此我认为,未来这类工作所需技能将与众不同。”

医疗保健是深受人工智能影响的行业之一。人工智能可以处理大量数据,医生就可以利用最新信息诊断和治疗病人。

IBM的沃森技术已经在北美、南美、欧洲和亚洲的各大医院投入使用。

巴拿瓦表示,沃森技术让医生掌握最新信息动态。

他说,“去医院看病时,医生是否使用沃森系统,其差异是非常大的。因为你现在去看医生的话会发现有的医生已经落后时代10年。”

人工智能也具有危险的一面。比如结合无人机技术和人工智能制造出的自动化武器。

罗素呼吁建立国际公约禁止此类新型武器。他说人们可能会使用这种技术研发“穷人的核武器”。

他说,“这是一场与时间的较量。这种武器已经开始出现,研究变为开发,开发进而变为生产......”

IBM的巴拿瓦指出了人工智能的价值,包括搜索引擎和飞机自动导航功能。

有关人工智能对人类是利是弊的争论仍在继续。研究人员称,毫无疑问,人工智能已经出现并将继续改变我们的生活。

Words in This Story

artificial intelligence – n. the thinking and intelligent behavior put into machines

repetitive – adj. happening again and again

data – n. information

cognitive – adj. relating to or involving conscious mental activities like thinking, learning, understanding

drone – n. a small flying machine flown remotely by a pilot

autonomous – adj. existing or acting separately from other things or people


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 labor P9Tzs     
n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦
参考例句:
  • We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
  • He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后,他已经疲惫不堪了。
2 cognitive Uqwz0     
adj.认知的,认识的,有感知的
参考例句:
  • As children grow older,their cognitive processes become sharper.孩子们越长越大,他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。
  • The cognitive psychologist is like the tinker who wants to know how a clock works.认知心理学者倒很像一个需要通晓钟表如何运转的钟表修理匠。
3 computing tvBzxs     
n.计算
参考例句:
  • to work in computing 从事信息处理
  • Back in the dark ages of computing, in about 1980, they started a software company. 早在计算机尚未普及的时代(约1980年),他们就创办了软件公司。
4 diagnose 0v6xB     
vt.诊断,判断
参考例句:
  • It provides a new method for early diagnose of breast cancer.为临床早期诊断乳腺癌提供一个新的检查手段。
  • What more will you want to know to diagnose this problem?要弄清这个问题,你还需要知道些什么?
5 versus wi7wU     
prep.以…为对手,对;与…相比之下
参考例句:
  • The big match tonight is England versus Spain.今晚的大赛是英格兰对西班牙。
  • The most exciting game was Harvard versus Yale.最富紧张刺激的球赛是哈佛队对耶鲁队。
6 autonomous DPyyv     
adj.自治的;独立的
参考例句:
  • They proudly declared themselves part of a new autonomous province.他们自豪地宣布成为新自治省的一部分。
  • This is a matter that comes within the jurisdiction of the autonomous region.这件事是属于自治区权限以内的事务。
7 emerge zpwxr     
vi.(从水中等)出来,出现,浮现,形成
参考例句:
  • The baby's head was starting to emerge from the womb.婴儿的头开始从母亲的子宮中露出来。
  • It's still hard to tell who will emerge victorious.鹿死谁手尚难逆料。

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