VOA标准英语2010年-Coral Reefs Breed New Species, Fossil

（单词翻译）

"When we lose reefs, we lose basically the cradles of evolution in the oceans." – Wolfgang Kiessling

A new study out this week highlights the role that coral reefs play in evolution, adding another reason to preserve these delicate, diverse, and often beautiful ecosystems¹.

Many of the world's coral reefs are threatened by ocean acidification and pollution, among other things.

Wolfgang Kiessling of Berlin's Natural History Museum says that concerns ecologists because of the vital role reefs play in ocean ecosystems.

"They're really important to marine² ecology because they host thousands of fish, for example," he said. "This is where the young fish grow up. And they host millions of species of invertebrates³, and so they are ecologically really key to tropical marine ecosystems."

Julie Bedford, NOAA
Reef in Fiji with great diversity of coral species

The conventional view has been that reefs attract a diverse population – in part because they have lots of nooks and crannies where fish can hide from predators⁴ – but that they aren't necessarily places where new species evolve.

Kiessling began to doubt this when he looked at the evolutionary⁵ record following the mass extinction⁶ 65 million years ago that wiped out the dinosaurs⁷. That event signaled a slowdown in the creation of new species.

"We see that evolution slowed a bit, and this was basically – that was my guess – because so many reefs were killed as well. So it took a long time for diversity to build up again in the aftermath."

Using a vast, online catalog called the Paleobiology Database, Kiessling and his colleagues analyzed⁸ the occurrence of hundreds of thousands of new species as documented by researchers around the world.

"And we found that 50 percent more than we would expect by chance did first occur in reefs," he said.

Kiessling, who is also a professor at Germany's Humboldt University, said in an interview that he was surprised to find that this idea of the reef as a cradle of evolution even applies to species not known as reef-dwellers. They may evolve in the reef environment, then migrate elsewhere.

"So species get generated, like even clams⁹ and snails¹⁰, crabs¹¹, and so on, and then, when they, later in their evolutionary history, they move out of the reefs, and then they export diversity, basically, to other areas."

All of which, he says, suggests that there's more reason than ever to safeguard ocean reefs.

"The biggest outcome of our study is how really important reefs are for evolutionary processes, not just for ecology. So when we lose reefs, we lose basically the cradles of evolution in the oceans in the long run."

Wolfgang Kiessling describes his research in a paper published in the journal Science.