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Emergency Medical Methods

时间:2005-05-31 16:00:00

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Broadcast: Feb 18, 2003
By George grow

VOICE ONE:

This is Phoebe Zimmerman.

VOICE TWO:

And this is Doug Johnson, with science in the news, VOA Special English program about recent developments in science. Today, we tell about some emergency medical methods known commonly as first aid1.

VOICE ONE:

First aid is the kind of medical care given to a victim2 of an accident or sudden sickness before trained medical help can arrive. First aid methods generally are easy to carry out and can be taught to people of all ages. Learning them is important. Knowing how to treat someone in an emergency can mean the difference between life and death.

VOICE TWO:

Each year, thousands of people die after eating or drinking poison substances3. Experts say most accidental poisonings happen in or near the home. And most are caused by substances commonly used at home--medicines, insect poisons, or cleaning fluids.

There are several common signs of poisoning--a sudden feeling of pain or sickness, burns in the area of the mouth, or an unusual smell coming from a person's mouth.

Health experts generally advise poison victims to drink water or milk. They say, however, to never give liquids to someone who is not awake or to those having a violent reaction to the poison.

Next, seek help from trained medical experts. Save material expelled4 from the mouth for doctors to examine. Save the container of the suspected5 poison to answer questions the doctors may have. The container may also describe the substance that halts6 the poison's effects. Use this substance without delay.

VOICE ONE:

The American red cross says all homes should have at least three substances to deal with poisoning.

One, syrup7 of ipecac, is a fluid that helps the body expel1 material from the stomach. Another, activated3 charcoal4, lessens5 the danger of poisons. The other material, epsom salts8, helps to speed the release of body wastes.

All three should be used only on the advice of a medical expert.

VOICE TWO:

The red cross says expulsion of material from the stomach--vomiting6--sometimes may be started if medical advice is delayed. But it says vomiting should be used only when it is known the victim took too much of what is called a general poison, such as a medicine.

The experts say never cause vomiting if the victim was poisoned by a petroleum7 product or by a substance that was a strong acid or a strong alkali9. These victims should be taken to a medical center as soon as possible.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

Many emergency medical methods are simple and easy to carry out. For example, several years ago, a five-year-old boy in the American state of Massachusetts was playing with a young friend. Suddenly the friend stopped breathing. A piece of candy was stuck in her throat10.

The boy remembered a television program where the same thing had happened. He also remembered what people on the television program did to help the person who had stopped breathing.

The boy quickly used the same method on his friend. The candy flew out of the girl's throat. She was breathing again. The young boy had saved his friend's life.

VOICE TWO:

The simple method used by the five-year-old boy is called the Heimlich maneuver8. It was developed by an American doctor, Henry Heimlich.

The Heimlich maneuver can be done in several different ways.

If a choking victim is sitting or standing9, you should stand directly behind him. Put your arms around the victim's waist.

Make one of your hands into the shape of a ball, and place it over the top part of the stomach, below the ribs10.

Next, put one hand over the other and push in and upward sharply11. Repeat the method until the object is expelled2.

A choking victim who is on the floor and not awake should be rolled on his or her back. Place the bottom of one hand over the upper part of the stomach. Put the other hand over it and push in quickly with an upward movement. Repeat this until the object is expelled.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

A method called cardiopulmonary11 resuscitation12--CPR--can save the victims of heart attacks, drowning and shock.These people are suffering what is called cardiac13 arrest.

C-P-R is designed to increase the natural ability of a person's heart and lungs. Experts say it greatly increases the chances that a heart attack victim will survive.

If you see a victim of cardiac arrest, first position the victim's head and neck so that the air passages are not blocked.

If the person is not breathing, start a method called mouth-to-mouth resuscitation12. Press shut the victim's nose as you place your mouth over the victim's mouth. Blow into the victim's lungs. The first two such breaths should last about one-and-one-half seconds each.

VOICE TWO:

If there is no heart beat, attempt to re-start the victim's heart by pushing down on the victim's chest. Place one hand over the other, and push firmly on the victim's breast bone. Push down the person's chest about five centimeters, at a rate of about eighty to one-hundred times each minute.

If you are working alone, you must do both jobs. Breathe two times into the victim's mouth for every fifteen times you push down on the chest.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

Health experts say even the smallest cut in the skin lets bacteria enter the body. So they urge correct treatment of all wounds.

If the bleeding is not serious, the wound should be cleaned with soap and water. Then, cover the wound with a clean cloth, gauze14 or other kind of dressing13.

If the bleeding does not stop quickly or if the wound is large, put pressure directly on the wound. Place a clean cloth on the wound and hold it firmly in place. A hand may be used if a cloth cannot immediately be found.

If this does not stop the bleeding, push the supplying blood vessel14 against a nearby bone. This still may not stop all the bleeding. So, also put pressure directly on the wound.

There are two places, or points, on each side of the body where pressure is most often useful. If an arm or hand is bleeding, the pressure point is on the inner part of the upper arm, between the elbow and the shoulder. Bleeding from a leg wound can be slowed by pressure to the blood vessel at the front, inner part of the upper leg.

VOICE TWO:

If an arm or leg is seriously damaged, a device called a tourniquet15 may be used to stop the bleeding. It should be used only when bleeding threatens the victim's life.

A tourniquet15 may be made with any flat material about fifty millimeters wide. It could be a piece of cloth, or a belt.

However, a rope or wire should not be used because they damage the skin.

Place the material around the arm or leg, between the wound and the body, and tie the ends together. Then, put a stick in the tied knot. Turn the stick slowly until the flow of blood stops. The stick can be held in place by another piece of cloth.

A tourniquet may be left in place for one or two hours without causing damage.

VOICE ONE:

When a wound is thought to be infected16, let the victim rest. Physical activity can spread the infection. If medical help is delayed, treat the wound with a mixture of salt and water. Add nine-and-one-half milliliters of salt to each liter of boiled water. Place a clean cloth in the mixture. Then, remove the extra water from the warm cloth and put the cloth on the wound. Be careful not to burn the skin.

VOICE TWO:

The first aid methods described in our report can be done by persons with no medical education. But experts say some training is desirable. This will help make sure the techniques are done safely and effectively.

First aid skills are taught in many parts of the world by groups such as the red cross or red crescent. To learn more, talk with health experts in your area.

VOICE ONE:

This science in the news program was written and produced by George grow. This is Phoebe Zimmerman.

VOICE TWO:

And this is Doug Johnson. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.

1. aid [eId] n. 帮助
2. victim [5vIktIm] n. 受害者,牺牲品
3. substance [5sQbst[ns] n. 物质,实质
4. expel [Iks5pel] v. 驱逐,排除
5. suspect [s[s5pekt] adj. 可疑的
6. halt [hC:lt] vt. 使停止
7. syrup [5sIr[p] n. 糖浆,果汁
8. epsom salts n. 泻盐
9. alkali [5Alk[laI] n. 碱
10. throat [Wr[ut] n. 咽喉
11. cardiopulmonary [7kB:dI[u5pQlm[n[rI] adj. 心肺的,与心肺有关的
12. resuscitation [rI7sQsI5teIF[n] n. 复生,复兴
13. cardiac [5kB:dIAk] n. 强心剂,强胃剂
14. gauze [gC:z] n. 纱布
15. tourniquet [5tu[nIket] n. 止血带,压脉器
16. infect [In5fekt] vt. 传染,感染

 


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1 expel hhDzd     
vt.把...开除,驱逐,放逐,排出,喷出
参考例句:
  • They were told at first that they should simply expel the refugees.一开始有人告诉他们应该直接将那些难民驱逐出境。
  • The headmaster may expel the boy from the school.校长可能要把那个男孩从学校开除。
2 expelled 7a860966115182402ed06375cf0a22af     
驱逐( expel的过去式和过去分词 ); 赶走; 把…除名; 排出
参考例句:
  • She was expelled from school at 15. 她15岁时被学校开除了。
  • After the outbreak of fighting,all foreign journalists were expelled. 战斗开始后,所有的外国记者都被驱逐出境。
3 activated c3905c37f4127686d512a7665206852e     
adj. 激活的 动词activate的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • The canister is filled with activated charcoal.蒸气回收罐中充满了活性炭。
4 charcoal prgzJ     
n.炭,木炭,生物炭
参考例句:
  • We need to get some more charcoal for the barbecue.我们烧烤需要更多的碳。
  • Charcoal is used to filter water.木炭是用来过滤水的。
5 lessens 77e6709415979411b220a451af0eb9d3     
变少( lessen的第三人称单数 ); 减少(某事物)
参考例句:
  • Eating a good diet significantly lessens the risk of heart disease. 良好的饮食习惯能大大减少患心脏病的机率。
  • Alcohol lessens resistance to diseases. 含有酒精的饮料会减弱对疾病的抵抗力。
6 vomiting 7ed7266d85c55ba00ffa41473cf6744f     
参考例句:
  • Symptoms include diarrhoea and vomiting. 症状有腹泻和呕吐。
  • Especially when I feel seasick, I can't stand watching someone else vomiting." 尤其晕船的时候,看不得人家呕。”
7 petroleum WiUyi     
n.原油,石油
参考例句:
  • The Government of Iran advanced the price of petroleum last week.上星期伊朗政府提高了石油价格。
  • The purpose of oil refinery is to refine crude petroleum.炼油厂的主要工作是提炼原油。
8 maneuver Q7szu     
n.策略[pl.]演习;v.(巧妙)控制;用策略
参考例句:
  • All the fighters landed safely on the airport after the military maneuver.在军事演习后,所有战斗机都安全降落在机场上。
  • I did get her attention with this maneuver.我用这个策略确实引起了她的注意。
9 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
10 ribs 24fc137444401001077773555802b280     
n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 );(船或屋顶等的)肋拱;肋骨状的东西;(织物的)凸条花纹
参考例句:
  • He suffered cracked ribs and bruising. 他断了肋骨还有挫伤。
  • Make a small incision below the ribs. 在肋骨下方切开一个小口。
11 sharply UiRziL     
adj.锐利地,急速;adv.严厉地,鲜明地
参考例句:
  • The plane dived sharply and rose again.飞机猛然俯冲而后又拉了起来。
  • Demand for personal computers has risen sharply.对个人电脑的需求急剧增长。
12 resuscitation hWhxC     
n.复活
参考例句:
  • Despite attempts at resuscitation,Mr Lynch died a week later in hospital.虽经全力抢救,但林奇先生一周以后还是在医院去世了。
  • We gave him mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and heart massage.我们对他进行了口对口复苏救治和心脏按摩。
13 dressing 1uOzJG     
n.(食物)调料;包扎伤口的用品,敷料
参考例句:
  • Don't spend such a lot of time in dressing yourself.别花那么多时间来打扮自己。
  • The children enjoy dressing up in mother's old clothes.孩子们喜欢穿上妈妈旧时的衣服玩。
14 vessel 4L1zi     
n.船舶;容器,器皿;管,导管,血管
参考例句:
  • The vessel is fully loaded with cargo for Shanghai.这艘船满载货物驶往上海。
  • You should put the water into a vessel.你应该把水装入容器中。
15 tourniquet fnYwf     
n.止血器,绞压器,驱血带
参考例句:
  • Twist the tourniquet tighter.把止血带扎紧点。
  • The tourniquet should occlude venous and lymphatic return.止血带应阻断静脉及淋巴回流。

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