美国百大英语演讲 Statement on the Articles of Impeachment by 巴芭拉-乔丹

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Mr. Chairman, I join my colleague Mr. Rangel in thanking you for giving the junior members of this committee the glorious opportunity of sharing the pain of this inquiry¹. Mr. Chairman, you are a strong man, and it has not been easy but we have tried as best we can to give you as much assistance as possible.

 

Earlier today, we heard the beginning of the Preamble² to the Constitution of the United States: "We, the people." It's a very eloquent³ beginning. But when that document was completed on the seventeenth of September in 1787, I was not included in that "We, the people." I felt somehow for many years that George Washington and Alexander Hamilton just left me out by mistake. But through the process of amendment⁴, interpretation⁵, and court decision, I have finally been included in "We, the people."

 

Today I am an inquisitor. An hyperbole would not be fictional⁶ and would not overstate the solemnness that I feel right now. My faith in the Constitution is whole; it is complete; it is total. And I am not going to sit here and be an idle spectator to the diminution⁷, the subversion⁸, the destruction, of the Constitution.

 

"Who can so properly be the inquisitors for the nation as the representatives of the nation themselves?" "The subjects of its jurisdiction⁹ are those offenses¹⁰ which proceed from the misconduct of public men."1 And that's what we're talking about. In other words, [the jurisdiction comes] from the abuse or violation¹¹ of some public trust.

 

It is wrong, I suggest, it is a misreading of the Constitution for any member here to assert that for a member to vote for an article of impeachment¹² means that that member must be convinced that the President should be removed from office. The Constitution doesn't say that. The powers relating to impeachment are an essential check in the hands of the body of the legislature against and upon the encroachments of the executive. The division between the two branches of the legislature, the House and the Senate, assigning to the one the right to accuse and to the other the right to judge, the framers of this Constitution were very astute¹³. They did not make the accusers and the judgers -- and the judges the same person.

 

We know the nature of impeachment. We've been talking about it awhile now. It is chiefly designed for the President and his high ministers to somehow be called into account. It is designed to "bridle¹⁴" the executive if he engages in excesses. "It is designed as a method of national inquest into the conduct of public men."2 The framers confided¹⁵ in the Congress the power if need be, to remove the President in order to strike a delicate balance between a President swollen¹⁶ with power and grown tyrannical, and preservation¹⁷ of the independence of the executive.

 

The nature of impeachment: a narrowly channeled exception to the separation-of-powers maxim¹⁸.  The Federal Convention of 1787 said that. It limited impeachment to high crimes and misdemeanors and discounted and opposed the term "maladministration." "It is to be used only for great misdemeanors," so it was said in the North Carolina ratification¹⁹ convention. And in the Virginia ratification convention: "We do not trust our liberty to a particular branch. We need one branch to check the other."

 

"No one need be afraid" -- the North Carolina ratification convention -- "No one need be afraid that officers who commit oppression will pass with immunity²⁰." "Prosecutions²¹ of impeachments²² will seldom fail to agitate²³ the passions of the whole community," said Hamilton in the Federalist Papers, number 65. "We divide into parties more or less friendly or inimical to the accused."3 I do not mean political parties in that sense.

 

The drawing of political lines goes to the motivation behind impeachment; but impeachment must proceed within the confines of the constitutional term "high crime[s] and misdemeanors." Of the impeachment process, it was Woodrow Wilson who said that "Nothing short of the grossest offenses against the plain law of the land will suffice to give them speed and effectiveness. Indignation so great as to overgrow party interest may secure a conviction; but nothing else can."

 

Common sense would be revolted if we engaged upon this process for petty reasons. Congress has a lot to do: Appropriations²⁴, Tax Reform, Health Insurance, Campaign Finance Reform, Housing, Environmental Protection, Energy Sufficiency, Mass Transportation. Pettiness cannot be allowed to stand in the face of such overwhelming problems. So today we are not being petty. We are trying to be big, because the task we have before us is a big one.

 

This morning, in a discussion of the evidence, we were told that the evidence which purports²⁵ to support the allegations of misuse²⁶ of the CIA by the President is thin. We're told that that evidence is insufficient²⁷. What that recital²⁸ of the evidence this morning did not include is what the President did know on June the 23rd, 1972.

 

The President did know that it was Republican money, that it was money from the Committee for the Re-Election of the President, which was found in the possession of one of the burglars arrested on June the 17th. What the President did know on the 23rd of June was the prior activities of E. Howard Hunt, which included his participation²⁹ in the break-in of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist³⁰, which included Howard Hunt's participation in the Dita Beard ITT affair, which included Howard Hunt's fabrication of cables designed to discredit³¹ the Kennedy Administration.

 

We were further cautioned today that perhaps these proceedings³² ought to be delayed because certainly there would be new evidence forthcoming from the President of the United States. There has not even been an obfuscated³³ indication that this committee would receive any additional materials from the President. The committee subpoena³⁴ is outstanding, and if the President wants to supply that material, the committee sits here. The fact is that on yesterday, the American people waited with great anxiety for eight hours, not knowing whether their President would obey an order of the Supreme³⁵ Court of the United States.

 

At this point, I would like to juxtapose a few of the impeachment criteria³⁶ with some of the actions the President has engaged in. Impeachment criteria: James Madison, from the Virginia ratification convention. "If the President be connected in any suspicious manner with any person and there be grounds to believe that he will shelter him, he may be impeached³⁷."

 

We have heard time and time again that the evidence reflects the payment to defendants³⁸ money. The President had knowledge that these funds were being paid and these were funds collected for the 1972 presidential campaign. We know that the President met with Mr. Henry Petersen 27 times to discuss matters related to Watergate, and immediately thereafter met with the very persons who were implicated³⁹ in the information Mr. Petersen was receiving. The words are: "If the President is connected in any suspicious manner with any person and there be grounds to believe that he will shelter that person, he may be impeached."

 

Justice Story: "Impeachment" is attended -- "is intended for occasional and extraordinary cases where a superior power acting⁴⁰ for the whole people is put into operation to protect their rights and rescue their liberties from violations⁴¹." We know about the Huston plan. We know about the break-in of the psychiatrist's office. We know that there was absolute complete direction on September 3rd when the President indicated that a surreptitious entry had been made in Dr. Fielding's office, after having met with Mr. Ehrlichman and Mr. Young. "Protect their rights." "Rescue their liberties from violation."

 

The Carolina ratification convention impeachment criteria: those are impeachable⁴² "who behave amiss or betray their public trust."4 Beginning shortly after the Watergate break-in and continuing to the present time, the President has engaged in a series of public statements and actions designed to thwart⁴³ the lawful⁴⁴ investigation⁴⁵ by government prosecutors⁴⁶. Moreover, the President has made public announcements and assertions bearing on the Watergate case, which the evidence will show he knew to be false. These assertions, false assertions, impeachable, those who misbehave. Those who "behave amiss or betray the public trust."

 

James Madison again at the Constitutional Convention: "A President is impeachable if he attempts to subvert⁴⁷ the Constitution." The Constitution charges the President with the task of taking care that the laws be faithfully executed, and yet the President has counseled his aides to commit perjury⁴⁸, willfully disregard the secrecy⁴⁹ of grand jury proceedings, conceal⁵⁰ surreptitious entry, attempt to compromise a federal judge, while publicly displaying his cooperation with the processes of criminal justice. "A President is impeachable if he attempts to subvert the Constitution."

 

If the impeachment provision in the Constitution of the United States will not reach the offenses charged here, then perhaps that 18th-century Constitution should be abandoned to a 20th-century paper shredder.

 

Has the President committed offenses, and planned, and directed, and acquiesced⁵¹ in a course of conduct which the Constitution will not tolerate? That's the question. We know that. We know the question. We should now forthwith proceed to answer the question. It is reason, and not passion, which must guide our deliberations, guide our debate, and guide our decision.

 

*I yield back the balance of my time, Mr. Chairman.*

 

delivered 25 July 1974, House Judiciary Committee

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