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万物简史 第203期:威力巨大的原子(17)

时间：2017-02-03 00:20:26

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（单词翻译）

 　　Meanwhile the tireless Rutherford, now back at Cambridge as J. J. Thomson's successor as head of the Cavendish Laboratory, came up with a model that explained why the nuclei1 didn't blow up. He saw that they must be offset2 by some type of neutralizing3 particles, which he called neutrons5. The idea was simple and appealing, but not easy to prove. Rutherford's associate, James Chadwick, devoted6 eleven intensive years to hunting for neutrons before finally succeeding in 1932. He, too, was awarded with a Nobel Prize in physics, in 1935.

　　与此同时，不知疲倦的卢瑟福这时候已经返回剑桥大学，接替J.J.汤姆逊担任卡文迪许实验室主任。他设计出了一种模型，说明原子核不会爆炸的原因。他认为，质子的正电荷一定已被某种起中和作用的粒子抵消，他把这种粒子叫做中子。这个想法简单而动人，但不容易证明。卢瑟福的同事詹姆斯·查德威克忙碌了整整11个年头寻找中子，终于在1932年获得成功。1935年，他也获得了诺贝尔物理学奖。
　　我国第一颗原子弹
　　As Boorse and his colleagues point out in their history of the subject, the delay in discovery was probably a very good thing as mastery of the neutron4 was essential to the development of the atomic bomb. (Because neutrons have no charge, they aren't repelled7 by the electrical fields at the heart of an atom and thus could be fired like tiny torpedoes8 into an atomic nucleus9, setting off the destructive process known as fission10.) Had the neutron been isolated11 in the 1920s, they note, it is "very likely the atomic bomb would have been developed first in Europe, undoubtedly12 by the Germans."
　　正如布尔斯及其同事在他们的物理学史中指出的，较晚发现中子或许是一件很好的事，因为发展原子弹必须掌握中子。（由于中子不带电荷，它们不会被原子中心的电场排斥，因此可以像小鱼雷那样被射进原子核，启动名叫裂变的破坏过程。）他们认为，要是在20世纪20年代就能分离中子，“原子弹很可能先在欧洲研制出来，毫无疑问是被德国人”。

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1 nuclei tHCxF     
n.核
参考例句：
  • To free electrons, something has to make them whirl fast enough to break away from their nuclei. 为了释放电子，必须使电子高速旋转而足以摆脱原子核的束缚。
  • Energy is released by the fission of atomic nuclei. 能量是由原子核分裂释放出来的。
2 offset mIZx8     
n.分支，补偿；v.抵消，补偿
参考例句：
  • Their wage increases would be offset by higher prices.他们增加的工资会被物价上涨所抵消。
  • He put up his prices to offset the increased cost of materials.他提高了售价以补偿材料成本的增加。
3 neutralizing 1f9a9888520b7110fb38e89e7840b0f5     
v.使失效( neutralize的现在分词 )；抵消；中和；使（一个国家）中立化
参考例句：
  • This juice-about a quart a day--pours into my duodenum, neutralizing acids. 这种消化液（每天约分泌1品脱）流入我的十二指肠，把酸中和了。 来自辞典例句
  • AIM: To verify the role of a synthetic peptide in neutralizing endotoxins. 目的：检验一条合成肽在中和内毒素活性方面的作用。 来自互联网
4 neutron neutron     
n.中子
参考例句：
  • Neutron is neutral and slightly heavier than the proton.中子是中性的，比质子略重。
  • Based on the neutron energy,the value of weighting factor was given.根据中子能量给出了相应的辐射权重因子的数值。
5 neutrons 8247a394cf7f4566ae93232e91c291b9     
n.中子( neutron的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • The neutrons and protons form the core of the atom. 中子和质子构成了原子核。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • When an atom of U235 is split,several neutrons are set free. 一个铀235原子分裂时，释放出几个中子。 来自《简明英汉词典》
6 devoted xu9zka     
adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的
参考例句：
  • He devoted his life to the educational cause of the motherland.他为祖国的教育事业贡献了一生。
  • We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。
7 repelled 1f6f5c5c87abe7bd26a5c5deddd88c92     
v.击退( repel的过去式和过去分词 )；使厌恶；排斥；推开
参考例句：
  • They repelled the enemy. 他们击退了敌军。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The minister tremulously, but decidedly, repelled the old man's arm. 而丁梅斯代尔牧师却哆里哆嗦地断然推开了那老人的胳臂。 来自英汉文学 - 红字
8 torpedoes d60fb0dc954f93af9c7c38251d008ecf     
鱼雷( torpedo的名词复数 )； 油井爆破筒； 刺客； 掼炮
参考例句：
  • We top off, take on provisions and torpedoes, and go. 我们维修完，装上给养和鱼雷就出发。
  • The torpedoes hit amidship, and there followed a series of crashing explosions. 鱼雷击中了船腹，引起了一阵隆隆的爆炸声。
9 nucleus avSyg     
n.核，核心，原子核
参考例句：
  • These young people formed the nucleus of the club.这些年轻人成了俱乐部的核心。
  • These councils would form the nucleus of a future regime.这些委员会将成为一个未来政权的核心。
10 fission WjTxu     
n.裂开；分裂生殖
参考例句：
  • The fission of the cell could be inhibited with certain chemicals.细胞的裂变可以通过某些化学药品加以抑制。
  • Nuclear fission releases tremendous amounts of energy.核裂变释放出巨大的能量。
11 isolated bqmzTd     
adj.与世隔绝的
参考例句：
  • His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。
  • Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。
12 undoubtedly Mfjz6l     
adv.确实地，无疑地
参考例句：
  • It is undoubtedly she who has said that.这话明明是她说的。
  • He is undoubtedly the pride of China.毫无疑问他是中国的骄傲。

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