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万物简史 第219期:把铅撵出去(8)

时间：2017-03-08 08:59:15

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 　　Finally, and perhaps a little unexpectedly, readings can be thrown out by seemingly unrelated external factors—such as the diets of those whose bones are being tested. One recent case involved the long-running debate over whether syphilis originated in the New World or the Old. Archeologists in Hull1, in the north of England, found that monks2 in a monastery3 graveyard4 had suffered from syphilis, but the initial conclusion that the monks had done so before Columbus's voyage was cast into doubt by the realization5 that they had eaten a lot of fish, which could make their bones appear to be older than in fact they were. The monks may well have had syphilis, but how it got to them, and when, remain tantalizingly6 unresolved.

　　最后，也许有点儿出人意料的是，计算结果可能由于表面看来毫不相干的外因──比如动物的饮食结构──而完全失去意义。最近有个案例引起了广泛激烈的争论，即梅毒究竟起源于新大陆还是旧大陆。赫尔的考古学家们发现，修道院坟地里的修道士患有梅毒。最初的结论是，修道士在哥伦布航行之前就已经患上了梅毒。但是，该结论受到了质疑，因为科学家们发现，他们吃了大量的鱼，这会使他们骨头的年代看上去比实际的要古老。修道士可能患有梅毒，但究竟是怎么患上的，什么时候患上的，问题似乎容易解决，却依然没有解决。
　　铅的危害
　　Because of the accumulated shortcomings of carbon-14, scientists devised other methods of dating ancient materials, among them thermoluminesence, which measures electrons trapped in clays, and electron spin resonance7, which involves bombarding a sample with electromagnetic waves and measuring the vibrations8 of the electrons. But even the best of these could not date anything older than about 200,000 years, and they couldn't date inorganic9 materials like rocks at all, which is of course what you need if you wish to determine the age of your planet.
　　由于碳－14年代测定法的缺点加起来还真不少，科学家们发明了别的办法来测定古代物质的年代，其中有发热光测定法和电子自旋共振测定法。前者用来测定存留在泥土里的电子数；后者以电磁波轰击一件样品来测定电子的振动。但是，即使用最好的方法，你也无法测定20万年以上的东西的年代，也根本无法测定岩石那样的无机物质的年代。然而，若要确定我们这颗行星的年龄，这当然是必不可少的。
　　The problems of dating rocks were such that at one point almost everyone in the world had given up on them. Had it not been for a determined10 English professor named Arthur Holmes, the quest might well have fallen into abeyance11 altogether.
　　测定岩石年代的问题在于，世界上几乎人人都一度不抱希望。要不是出了一位决心很大的、名叫阿瑟·霍姆斯的英国教授，这项探索很可能会完全停顿下来。

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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 hull 8c8xO     
n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳
参考例句：
  • The outer surface of ship's hull is very hard.船体的外表面非常坚硬。
  • The boat's hull has been staved in by the tremendous seas.小船壳让巨浪打穿了。
2 monks 218362e2c5f963a82756748713baf661     
n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • The monks lived a very ascetic life. 僧侣过着很清苦的生活。
  • He had been trained rigorously by the monks. 他接受过修道士的严格训练。 来自《简明英汉词典》
3 monastery 2EOxe     
n.修道院，僧院，寺院
参考例句：
  • They found an icon in the monastery.他们在修道院中发现了一个圣像。
  • She was appointed the superior of the monastery two years ago.两年前她被任命为这个修道院的院长。
4 graveyard 9rFztV     
n.坟场
参考例句：
  • All the town was drifting toward the graveyard.全镇的人都象流水似地向那坟场涌过去。
  • Living next to a graveyard would give me the creeps.居住在墓地旁边会使我毛骨悚然。
5 realization nTwxS     
n.实现；认识到，深刻了解
参考例句：
  • We shall gladly lend every effort in our power toward its realization.我们将乐意为它的实现而竭尽全力。
  • He came to the realization that he would never make a good teacher.他逐渐认识到自己永远不会成为好老师。
6 tantalizingly e619a8aa45e5609beb0d97d144f92f2a     
adv.…得令人着急，…到令人着急的程度
参考例句：
  • A band of caribou passed by, twenty and odd animals, tantalizingly within rifle range. 一群驯鹿走了过去，大约有二十多头，都呆在可望而不可即的来福枪的射程以内。 来自英汉文学 - 热爱生命
  • She smiled at him tantalizingly. 她引诱性地对他笑着。 来自互联网
7 resonance hBazC     
n.洪亮；共鸣；共振
参考例句：
  • Playing the piano sets up resonance in those glass ornaments.一弹钢琴那些玻璃饰物就会产生共振。
  • The areas under the two resonance envelopes are unequal.两个共振峰下面的面积是不相等的。
8 vibrations d94a4ca3e6fa6302ae79121ffdf03b40     
n.摆动( vibration的名词复数 )；震动；感受；（偏离平衡位置的）一次性往复振动
参考例句：
  • We could feel the vibrations from the trucks passing outside. 我们可以感到外面卡车经过时的颤动。
  • I am drawn to that girl; I get good vibrations from her. 我被那女孩吸引住了，她使我产生良好的感觉。 来自《简明英汉词典》
9 inorganic P6Sxn     
adj.无生物的；无机的
参考例句：
  • The fundamentals of inorganic chemistry are very important.无机化学的基础很重要。
  • This chemical plant recently bought a large quantity of inorganic salt.这家化工厂又买进了大量的无机盐。
10 determined duszmP     
adj.坚定的；有决心的
参考例句：
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
11 abeyance vI5y6     
n.搁置，缓办，中止，产权未定
参考例句：
  • The question is in abeyance until we know more about it.问题暂时搁置，直到我们了解更多有关情况再行研究。
  • The law was held in abeyance for well over twenty years.这项法律被搁置了二十多年。

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