“not”的多种用法
时间:2017-03-09 23:58:27
(单词翻译:单击)
一 . not 的位置
1. not 可以置于 be 动词、情态动词及助动词之后,构成否定句。除了 am 和 not , may 和 not 不能合写之外,其余的一般都可以和 not 合写。例如:
( 1 ) He is not ( isn't ) a man to give things up easily.
他不是一个随便放弃的人。
( 2 ) He can not ( cannot, can't ) speak Chinese as well as Tom.
他的汉语没有汤姆讲得那么好。
( 3 ) You did not ( didn't ) know how worried I was about you at that time.
你不知道那时我是多么地担心你!
注: had better do sth, would rather do sth, would like to do sth. 和 be about to do sth. 的否定形式分别是 had better not do sth, would rather not do sth, would like not to do sth. 和 be about not to do sth ;
used1 to 的否定形式是 usedn't to 或 didn't use to 。例如:
( 4 ) You'd better not eat too much chocolate, or you'll get too fat.
你最好不要吃太多的巧克力,否则身体会发胖的。
( 5 ) I would rather not accept his present.
我宁愿不要他的礼物。
2. not 可以置于分词、不定式和动名词之前,构成非谓语动词的否定形式。例如:
( 1 ) Not having received any reply from Tom, Mary
decided2 to write to him again.
由于没收到汤姆的回音,玛丽决定再给他写封信。
( 2 ) He kept
silent3 over the matter in order not to lose his job.
他对这件事保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的这份工作。
( 3 ) She was very upset for not having been invited to the party.
她因没有被邀请去参加晚会而感到很伤心。
3. not 的位置转移:
( 1 )主句的主语是第一人称 we 和 I ,谓语动词是 think, believe, imagine, suppose 等时,常将其后宾语从句中的否定词 not 前移至这些动词之前。这种语法现象称之为否定转移。例如:
① I don't think the film is
intended4 for children.
我觉得这部电影不适合儿童看。
② We don't believe he stole money from the stop.
我们相信他不会偷那店铺里的钱。
( 2 )若用“ It is / was … that …”去强调 until 引导的状语从句,主句中又有否定词 not ,则常将 not 和 until 放在一起加以强调。例如:
It was not until he told me that I had an idea about it.
直到他告诉我,我才明白这件事。
( 3 )当 not until, not only (… but also …), not for a moment, not a single ……等位于句首时,有关分句的主语和谓语要倒装。例如:
① Not only has he been to London but also he worked there for a time.
他不仅去过伦敦,而且还在那里工作过一段时间。
( not only 后面的分句中的主语和谓语倒装, but also 后面分句中的主语和谓语不倒装。)
② Not for a moment did he
doubt5 the truth of your story.
他从来都没怀疑过你的故事的真实性。
( 4 )“ don't + 动词原形”可以构成祈使句的否定形式。若强调这种祈使句中的主语,则需在动词原形前面加上主语(这时主语需要重读),也就是用“ don't + 主语 + 动词原形”结构。例如:
① Don't make any noise.
请不要吵闹。
② Don't you make any noise.
请你不要吵闹。
( 5 )“ Why not + 动词原形”是“ Why don't you + 动词原形”的省略形式,表示建议或劝告。例如:
If you still haven't made any final decision, why not go to our teacher for some advice?
要是你现在还没有最后下定决心的话,那你为什么不去找老师征求意见呢?
二 . not 的肯定意义及否定意义
1. not 和某些词搭配使用时,可以表示肯定意义。
( 1 ) not until / not … until 意为“直到……才……”; not only … but also …意为“不但……而且……”; not a few ( = many )意为“很多”; not a little ( = very, much )意为“很”或“非常”。例如:
① Not until he failed did he realize what mistakes he had made.
直到失败了他才明白他所犯的错误是什么性质。
② After a whole day's work, I was not a little tired.
过去一整天,我感到很累。
( 2 ) not 和某些词语搭配,构成双重否定:
not … without …没有哪次不; cannot … too …怎么样……都不为过分; not … but …没有……不……; too … not to do sth. 太 / 非常……不会不做某事; not fail to do sth. 成功地做某事; not … rather than …没有……不……。例如:
① I cannot see the picture without
thinking6 of my mother.
我每次见到这张相片都想起我的妈妈。
② You cannot be too careful while driving.
开车时你怎么小心都不为过。
③ Now there isn't any dictionary but has one or two misprints.
现在哪本字典都会有一两处印刷错误。
④ Xiao Ming is too clever not to
avoid7 such mistakes.
小明很聪明,会避免这种错误的。
⑤ He doesn't fail to write to his parents every month.
他每月都给他的父母写信。
⑥ In that school not any lessons are held in languages rather than English.
在那个学校每门课程都是用英语讲授的。
2. not 与一些代词连用,表示部分否定:
not both 或 both … not 意为“并非两者都……”; not every 或 every … not 意为“并非每个都……”; not all 或 all … not 意为“并非全部都……”; not everything 或 everything … not 意为“并非每一件事都……”。例如:
① Not both of his parents are at home.
他的父母并非都在家。
② Not everyone in our class likes pop music.
我们班的同学并非个个都喜欢流行音乐。
③ Not all the members of my family are TV
lovers8.
我们家并非人人都爱看电视。
3. “ not A or B ”表示“不是 A 也不是 B ”;“ not A and B ”表示“不是A和B都···/是A不是B ”;“ not A but B ”表示“不是 A 而是 B ”;“ more A than B ”表示“与其说 B 倒不如说 A ”。例如:
① He is not rich or kind. (意为: He is neither rich nor kind. )
他不富裕也不仁慈。
② Not you but he is to
blame9 for it.
不是你而是他将为这件事受到责备。
与其说他脑子笨倒不如说他没有受过教育。
三 . not 代替代词。
一般说来,若是同意或认可对方说的话用 so 来代替,若是不同意或不认可对方的话则用 not 来代替,以避免重复。例如:
— Do you think it will be fine tomorrow?
你认为明天天气好吗?
— I think so.
我想是这样。
— I think not. ( = I don't think so. )
我想天气不会好的。
四 . not 与 no 的区别:
1. 词性上的区别: not 只用作副词,而 no 可以用作形容词。比较:
Now I have no money on me.
Now I have not any money on me.
2. 语用上的区别: not 表示一般的否定描述,而 no 则表示强烈的否定意义。例如:
( 1 ) He is not a writer.
他不是作家。
( 2 ) He is no writer.
他决不是作家。
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