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科学美国人60秒 SSS Avian flu, marijuana policy, new tyrannosaur

时间:2017-06-20 06:36:23

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Welcome to the Scientific American podcast for mid1 February. I am Steve Mirsky. This week on the podcast, we will talk with Scientific American editor, Christine Soares, about avian flu. Paleontologist Gregory Erickson tells us about the discovery of a fossil from T.rex's great, great, great, great, great, great—well, you got the idea—granddad. And Bruce Mirken discusses marijuana policy in the U.S. and in England. Along with those interviews, we will test your veracity2 or mendacity versus3 capacity with a quiz about real and fake science and with Jon Stewart, perhaps our most trusted news anchor, we'll look at how yesterday's comics might have handled today's news. Thanks for joining us on the Scientific American podcast.

First up avian flu. Wayt Gibbs and Christine Soares co-wrote a November Scientific American article on avian flu. Now that we're deep into this flu season, I spoke4 with Christine at her office at Scientific American magazine.

Steve: We have been hearing about avian flu in humans in the country Turkey. So what's going on there?

Soares: Yes, there has been a recent outbreak; very worrying because, of course, every time the virus infects people it gets another opportunity to adapt to people.

Steve: The big concern there is that the adaptation could come where avian flu acquires the ability to be transmitted directly from one human to another?

Soares: Exactly! Yes. It might meet a human flu virus and swap5 genes6 and gain the ability to transmit between people or it might just evolve it on its own.

Steve: There is always a concern around flu season, but this year, hyper-concern. Why was the concern so great?

Soares: Well! Of course, there has been building concern among scientists for the last few years about this particular virus potentially turning into the next pandemic virus. This fall, I think, the U.S. released its pandemic plan with a lot of fanfare7 right around the same time that the virus was identified in birds in Europe, and so you got a kind of confluence8 of a lot of general media coverage9 that might have been a little panicky.

Steve: Let's talk about the media coverage for a moment. Was the media coverage overblown? Was there too much?

Soares: Well! In the sense that it's an extremely serious threat, there is probably no such thing (laughs) as too much coverage. Scientists have been trying to get attention for the issue for years. The general media was probably new to the subject and may be didn't understand a lot of the details and nuances and the basis of concern and what to be concerned about and may have been a little bit hysterical10.

Steve: So, how long are we going to be watching avian flu?

Soares: Well! (laughs) There have been people who have been watching it already will continue to watch it very closely—not just the strain, but all avian flu strains. I think they worry that the public attention will wane11 after so much frenzy12 last fall and perhaps support for further research and preparations will also wane along with that, which would be the worst thing that could happen.

Steve: Is there a big flu pandemic coming at us inevitably13?

Soares: Well! I guess, if you look past history, you know, (laughs) look back thousands of years, there are records of flu pandemic, so statistically14 it's a good bet; when is the question. Whether it can be delayed or averted15 or prevented, unknown.

Steve: Christine thanks very much.

Soares: Thank you Steve.

Steve: Now it's time to play TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. Here are four science stories. Three of them are actually true. See if you can guess which one is TOTALL…….Y BOGUS.

Story number 1: Researchers recently published an analysis of coma16 patients on soap operas.

Story number 2: A British man went bankrupt redesigning his apartment to look like the interior of the starship Voyager from the TV show Star Trek17: Voyager. Then his wife left him.

Story number 3: The American Association of Petroleum18 Geologists19 gave their journalism20 award to Michael Crichton for his novels—Jurassic Park and the more recent State of Fear, in which he pooh-poohs global warming.

And story number 4: On the weekend after the new Harry21 Potter book came out, only half as many kids wound up in English emergency rooms as on a typical weekend.

I will be back with the totally bogus answer, but first in January the British Government released a report from its advisory22 council on the misuse23 of drugs with recommendations on how marijuana should be legally classified.

I talked about the report and differences in how cannabis is handled by the governments of England and the U.S. with Bruce Mirken. He is with an organization called the Marijuana Policy Project and I called him at his office in San Francisco.

Steve: Mr. Mirken, good to talk to you today.

Mirken: Good to be here.

Steve: Tell me about the British report and what brought it about and what conclusions they came to?

Mirken: Sure. This goes back a few years. The British Government has been in a process of reconsidering their policy towards marijuana—or cannabis as its known back there—and more scientifically and two years ago they reclassified—what they called downgraded—marijuana in their national drug law. They moved it down to the lowest category, what's considered the least dangerous of illicit24 drugs. And in practical terms, what that meant is that, by and large, you don't get arrested in Britain for possession of marijuana unless there is aggravating25 circumstances. They implemented26 that policy in the beginning of 2004 and then the government began to have some second thoughts, in part because a couple of studies came out in the last year or so suggesting a possible link between marijuana use and mental illness. So basically the British Government, the Home Office turned to their Scientific Advisory Panel—a group called the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, which is a group of very high-powered scientists from Oxford27 and Cambridge, and other high-powered institutions—and they basically said, look at the data again, make sure we did the right thing or do we need to change this.

Steve: The conclusions that the council reached—the Advisory Council—after reviewing the data?

Mirken: Well! The council reviewed the data, they released a report in mid-January of this year and concluded that the policy should be maintained—that is they should not go back to arresting marijuana users. They looked at the data and concluded that there are some risks. This is definitely not a report that whitewashes28 the health risks of marijuana. They are particularly strong about saying that young people should be discouraged from using it.

Steve: Let me go over some of the material from the report for people who are not familiar with the drug classification scheme. In England, according to the report, a drug like cocaine29 is in class A, the most dangerous class; drugs like amphetamines or barbiturates are considered class B. And marijuana had been moved recently from class B down to class C, what was considered the least harmful of the regulated drugs right?

Mirken: Correct; and it's such an interesting contrast of course to the U.S. national drug law—what's called [the] Controlled Substances Act—in which marijuana is in the worst categories[y]—what's called Schedule I—with heroin30 and LSD.

Steve: Why is there is such a difference between the American attitude and the British attitude toward cannabis?

Mirken: Well! I have to say I think it's because the British have chosen to take a science-based approach. They really looked at the data, acknowledged that this substance is not harmless, but the harm that it causes is relatively31 limited; while the U.S. has really just—I've got to say—have clung to mythology32. This is a drug that carries a lot of social and cultural baggage with it and it's been stigmatized33 in a way that, that really almost seems to make U.S. policy impervious34 to data.

Steve: Now the report recommends that rather than classify marijuana back up to a more serious drug, that the government engage in a public information campaign to try to discourage its use while still maintaining it in the lowest of the categories, in terms of harm. Now how does that contrast with the American situation?

Mirken: In a newspaper ad directed at parents that ran all over the country last year—USA Today, New York Times, all the major papers—big headline says Marijuana and Your Teen's Mental Health: Depression, Suicidal Thoughts, Schizophrenia. Scary stuff intended to be scary stuff. But the British experts looked at the data and came away convinced—and I'll just read this, "The recent data are not overall persuasive35 of a causal association between cannabis use and the development of depression, bipolar disorder36 or anxiety." So what the White House has really done here is cherry picked little snippets of data out of context to support a political position and that doesn't help us. You know, people can disagree about what the right policy should be, but let's have some respect for science.

Steve: Thanks very much Mr. Mirken; we appreciate it.

Mirken: Thank you, it was a pleasure.

Steve: The Marijuana Policy Project's Web site is mpp.org and the Web site of the office of National Drug Control Policy's youth anti-drug media campaign is mediacampaign.org.

And now it's time to see which story was TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. Again the stories were:

Did scientists really do an outcome study of coma patients on soap operas?

Did a man go broke making his apartment look like the starship Voyager?

Did the American Association of Petroleum Geologists really give Michael Crichton their journalism award?

And do Harry Potter Books cut down on emergency room visits?

Soap opera comas37 really were studied. Researches[r] in Philadelphia looked at 64 coma patients on soap operas over a 10-year period: 89 percent of the patients made a full recovery, which shows once again that it's better to have a coma on TV than in real life.

Petroleum geologists really did give Crichton their journalism award, which is weird38, because never mind that his stake on global warming science is suspect; how about the fact that most of the dinosaurs40 in Jurassic Park actually lived in the more recent Cretaceous period—although you have to admit that Jurassic Park is a better title than "Cretaceous Park." There is more on this story at the Scientific American blog, blog.sciam.com.

And Harry Potter does cut down on trauma41. Reading Harry Potter probably keeps kids indoors in soft chairs instead of outside playing on hard concrete, getting hurt and going to emergency rooms, although the long-term impact of a sedentary lifestyle may offset42 these short-term health gains, which means that the story about the guy going bankrupt from turning his home into the starship Voyager, after which his wife left him is TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. Because, you see, according to published accounts, his wife left him before he redesigned the apartment to look like the starship Voyager. If he was trying to get her back, maybe he should have gone with the Enterprise instead; and maybe we should have gone with PARTIALL…….Y BOGUS. Although you have to admit that "Totally Bogus" is a better title than "Partially43 Bogus." If you've got any comments about the Scientific American podcast that you'd like to share, send us e-mail at [email protected]. That's [email protected].

Next up, paleontologist Gregory Erickson. He wrote a big T. rex update article for Scientific American back in September 1999 and he is a co-author of a paper in last week's edition of the journal Nature about the discovery of a new, very old T. rex relative. I called him at his office at Florida State University in Tallahassee.

Steve: Professor Erickson, thanks for joining us today.

Erickson: Sure! Thanks for having me, Steve.

Steve: So, tell us about this fossil. First of all who found it, where they found it; and you are one of the co-authors on the journal Nature paper. What was your role in this whole thing?

Erickson: Well! That's correct. This was found by Xu Xing who is at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, China, and he was working with Jim Clark from George Washington University; and they had a crew out on the field a year or so ago and one of their colleagues—his name is Yu—was the one who actually came across this specimen44.

Steve: And you are one of the co-authors on the paper, so what was your role?

Erickson: Well! Xu came to me with this specimen—actually two specimens—and he knew they were the same species, but one was much smaller than the other and also there were some differences in the shapes of the skull45 and things such as the orbit—the place where the eye is on the skull—some of these things kind of puzzled him and he was wondering whether we had two adults here or we were looking at developmental differences. So my role as being an expert on dinosaur39 growth patterns was to cut up some of the bones from these animals to figure out how old they were and what we found is that the larger specimen—that's the one with the most elaborate crest46—was about 13 years of age at the time of death and the smaller one was 6 years of age. This tells us that we're probably dealing47 with developmental differences between these animals and not sexual differences.

Steve: Can you very briefly48 explain how you can look at the bones and tell how old this dinosaur was when it died?

Erickson: Yeah! That's a great question. Aging reptiles49 is very much like aging a tree, if you count all the growth rings in the tree from the center moving to the outside, you know, of the tree you can figure how old it is counting the annual growth lines. In reptiles you see the same growth lines; and so we basically select certain bones—particularly the fibula which is the shinbone on meat-eating dinosaurs like this—and we'll cut them open and we'll make a microscope slide of them. You can then just count the growth lines from the center to the outside and figure out how old they are.

Steve: So, in the introduction to the entire podcast, I called this dinosaur a great, great, great ad infinitum grandfather of T. rex. Now is that accurate, or is it more like a fifieth cousin a million times removed, or what is it?

Erickson: Probably the latter. This is a tyrannosaur that is not a direct ancestor to T. rex, but it's a close relative. It's on a, you know, another dead-end lineage so to speak. But it shares a common ancestor with Tyrannosaurus rex.

Steve: And the big deal about this is that it's so much older than T. rex?

Erickson: Yeah! This is the oldest tyrannosaur, so it's about 90 million years older than Tyrannosaurus rex and it clearly has tyrannosaur-type features, but it is definitely not, you know, a T. rex—it's not a gigantic animal. It doesn't have those two fingers. It clearly is a lot more like some of the smaller meat-eating dinosaurs from earlier times.

Steve: Okay, it's not gigantic, but it's not tiny either?

Erickson: No, it's about 10 feet long which is, you know, a moderate size when we're talking about dinosaurs. Tyrannosaurus rex for comparison was about 42 to 43 feet long and weighed about 12,000 pounds, so …

Steve: Right!

Erickson: … this is a good considerably50 smaller animal.

Steve: But you still wouldn't want to come across it.

Erickson: I wouldn't want to come across either of them actually. (laughs)

Steve: Right! Now, earlier in the podcast, I made reference to Jurassic Park and the fact that a lot of the dinosaurs in Jurassic Park are actually from the Cretaceous, but this baby is from the Jurassic, right?

Erickson: Yes! You are right. This is an animal that actually comes from the Jurassic period.

Steve: There was a piece about this research on your university's Web site—the Florida State University Web site— where you were quoted as calling it the sexiest of the tyrannosaurus. How does it rate that description?

Erickson: (laughs) Yeah! I guess I did say that. It's—well! It has this enormous crest on its skull. Its, you know, very much like the crests51 we see on the spitter from Jurassic Park and no excrescence like this has ever been seen on a tyrannosaur, and we take that these are structures that were prime for species recognition and probably for sexual display; so in that sense this is a sex-related crest, I guess, and they are—being the relatively largest crest on any tyrannosaur—I guess that makes it the sexiest tyrannosaur.

Steve: The dinosaur has been dubbed52 Guanlong wucaii. Is that right?

Erickson: Wucaii yeah!

Steve: Wucaii—and that has a pretty cool translation when you turn it into English?

Erickson: Yeah! It means the crown dragon of five colors; and the five colors comes from the very colorful rocks that the specimen was found in; and it is some of the shops there, I guess they call them apothecary53 shops. They powder up dinosaur bones—they do this to this very day—and then sell them as medicine and they are sold as dragon bones; and so, you know, in a sense these really are the dragons that (laughs) those tales comes from.

Steve: So that's quite an [expiration date]exploration data on that bottle of medicine.

Erickson: (laughs) Yeah! It's true.

Steve: Professor Erickson, thank you, we appreciate it.

Erickson: Oh! My pleasure, thank you very much.

Steve: Finally, you know, many Americans get most of their news from comics like Jon Stewart. We wondered how some of yesterday's best-loved comedians54 might have handled today's news.

Voice 1: Hey bud, I've been hearing a lot lately about this bird flu. It sounds awful scary.

Voice 2: Well! You know, Lou, that's very understandable. Stopping it will require an international response by the World Health Organization, WHO.

Voice 1: WHO is trying to stop it?

Voice 2: That's right!

Voice 1: What's right?

Voice 2: WHO is trying to stop it.

Voice 1: That's what I asked.

Voice 2: And I told you the answer is WHO.

Voice 1: WHO what?

Voice 2: Is stopping this spread of the avian flu?

Voice 1: That's what I want to know.

Voice 2: And that's why I keep telling you, WHO is responsible for bird flu.

Voice 1: Wait, so whoWHO brought the flu to Europe?

Voice 2: No, WHO tried to stop the flu from getting to Europe.

Voice 1: That's what I want to know.

Voice 2: And that's what I am telling you.

Voice 1: Telling me what?

Voice 2: WHO didn't stop the flu from getting to Europe.

Voice 1: Right! So how did it get there?

Voice 2: It's flu in the bird.

Voice 1: I know it's flu in the birds. I want to know how it got there?

Voice 2: You should ask WHO.

Voice 1: Ask WHO what? I don't even know what we're talking about?

Tell me, (loud laughs and claps) are they sick turkeys?

Voice 2: I don't know.

Voice 1: So the flu might not be in turkey.

Voice 2: No, it's definitely in Turkey

Voice 1: But you said you didn't know.

Voice 2: But I do know, WHO told me.

Voice 1: I can't guess.

Voice 2: Guess what?

Voice 1: You tell me.

Voice 2: Tell you what?

Voice 1: Tell me who?

Voice 2: WHO what?

Voice 1: Where?

Both: Turkey. (loud laughs)

Voice 1: How, I don't know, it flew.

Voice 2: Exactly!

Voice 1: And how did it get there? WHO knows?

Voice 2: Now you got it.

Voice 1: I don't got nothing.

Voice 2: Duck.

Voice 1: Oh ….

Voice 2: I told you to duck.

Steve: Well! I can see by the vibration55 of the CCM Adams on the wall, that's it for this edition of the Scientific American podcast. You can write to us at [email protected]. I'm Steve Mirsky. Thanks for clicking on us.


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 mid doTzSB     
adj.中央的,中间的
参考例句:
  • Our mid-term exam is pending.我们就要期中考试了。
  • He switched over to teaching in mid-career.他在而立之年转入教学工作。
2 veracity AHwyC     
n.诚实
参考例句:
  • I can testify to this man's veracity and good character.我可以作证,此人诚实可靠品德良好。
  • There is no reason to doubt the veracity of the evidence.没有理由怀疑证据的真实性。
3 versus wi7wU     
prep.以…为对手,对;与…相比之下
参考例句:
  • The big match tonight is England versus Spain.今晚的大赛是英格兰对西班牙。
  • The most exciting game was Harvard versus Yale.最富紧张刺激的球赛是哈佛队对耶鲁队。
4 spoke XryyC     
n.(车轮的)辐条;轮辐;破坏某人的计划;阻挠某人的行动 v.讲,谈(speak的过去式);说;演说;从某种观点来说
参考例句:
  • They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
  • The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。
5 swap crnwE     
n.交换;vt.交换,用...作交易
参考例句:
  • I will swap you my bicycle for your radio.我想拿我的自行车换你的收音机。
  • This comic was a swap that I got from Nick.这本漫画书是我从尼克那里换来的。
6 genes 01914f8eac35d7e14afa065217edd8c0     
n.基因( gene的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因,所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪
7 fanfare T7by6     
n.喇叭;号角之声;v.热闹地宣布
参考例句:
  • The product was launched amid much fanfare worldwide.这个产品在世界各地隆重推出。
  • A fanfare of trumpets heralded the arrival of the King.嘹亮的小号声宣告了国王驾到。
8 confluence PnbyL     
n.汇合,聚集
参考例句:
  • They built the city at the confluence of two rivers.他们建造了城市的汇合两条河流。
  • The whole DV movements actually was a confluence of several trends.整个当时的DV运动,实际上是几股潮流的同谋。
9 coverage nvwz7v     
n.报导,保险范围,保险额,范围,覆盖
参考例句:
  • There's little coverage of foreign news in the newspaper.报纸上几乎没有国外新闻报道。
  • This is an insurance policy with extensive coverage.这是一项承保范围广泛的保险。
10 hysterical 7qUzmE     
adj.情绪异常激动的,歇斯底里般的
参考例句:
  • He is hysterical at the sight of the photo.他一看到那张照片就异常激动。
  • His hysterical laughter made everybody stunned.他那歇斯底里的笑声使所有的人不知所措。
11 wane bpRyR     
n.衰微,亏缺,变弱;v.变小,亏缺,呈下弦
参考例句:
  • The moon is on the wane.月亮渐亏。
  • Her enthusiasm for him was beginning to wane.她对他的热情在开始减退。
12 frenzy jQbzs     
n.疯狂,狂热,极度的激动
参考例句:
  • He was able to work the young students up into a frenzy.他能激起青年学生的狂热。
  • They were singing in a frenzy of joy.他们欣喜若狂地高声歌唱。
13 inevitably x7axc     
adv.不可避免地;必然发生地
参考例句:
  • In the way you go on,you are inevitably coming apart.照你们这样下去,毫无疑问是会散伙的。
  • Technological changes will inevitably lead to unemployment.技术变革必然会导致失业。
14 statistically Yuxwa     
ad.根据统计数据来看,从统计学的观点来看
参考例句:
  • The sample of building permits is larger and therefore, statistically satisfying. 建筑许可数的样本比较大,所以统计数据更令人满意。
  • The results of each test would have to be statistically independent. 每次试验的结果在统计上必须是独立的。
15 averted 35a87fab0bbc43636fcac41969ed458a     
防止,避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 ); 转移
参考例句:
  • A disaster was narrowly averted. 及时防止了一场灾难。
  • Thanks to her skilful handling of the affair, the problem was averted. 多亏她对事情处理得巧妙,才避免了麻烦。
16 coma vqxzR     
n.昏迷,昏迷状态
参考例句:
  • The patient rallied from the coma.病人从昏迷中苏醒过来。
  • She went into a coma after swallowing a whole bottle of sleeping pills.她吃了一整瓶安眠药后就昏迷过去了。
17 trek 9m8wi     
vi.作长途艰辛的旅行;n.长途艰苦的旅行
参考例句:
  • We often go pony-trek in the summer.夏季我们经常骑马旅行。
  • It took us the whole day to trek across the rocky terrain.我们花了一整天的时间艰难地穿过那片遍布岩石的地带。
18 petroleum WiUyi     
n.原油,石油
参考例句:
  • The Government of Iran advanced the price of petroleum last week.上星期伊朗政府提高了石油价格。
  • The purpose of oil refinery is to refine crude petroleum.炼油厂的主要工作是提炼原油。
19 geologists 1261592151f6aa40819f7687883760a2     
地质学家,地质学者( geologist的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Geologists uncovered the hidden riches. 地质学家发现了地下的宝藏。
  • Geologists study the structure of the rocks. 地质学家研究岩石结构。
20 journalism kpZzu8     
n.新闻工作,报业
参考例句:
  • He's a teacher but he does some journalism on the side.他是教师,可还兼职做一些新闻工作。
  • He had an aptitude for journalism.他有从事新闻工作的才能。
21 harry heBxS     
vt.掠夺,蹂躏,使苦恼
参考例句:
  • Today,people feel more hurried and harried.今天,人们感到更加忙碌和苦恼。
  • Obama harried business by Healthcare Reform plan.奥巴马用医改掠夺了商界。
22 advisory lKvyj     
adj.劝告的,忠告的,顾问的,提供咨询
参考例句:
  • I have worked in an advisory capacity with many hospitals.我曾在多家医院做过顾问工作。
  • He was appointed to the advisory committee last month.他上个月获任命为顾问委员会委员。
23 misuse XEfxx     
n.误用,滥用;vt.误用,滥用
参考例句:
  • It disturbs me profoundly that you so misuse your talents.你如此滥用自己的才能,使我深感不安。
  • He was sacked for computer misuse.他因滥用计算机而被解雇了。
24 illicit By8yN     
adj.非法的,禁止的,不正当的
参考例句:
  • He had an illicit association with Jane.他和简曾有过不正当关系。
  • Seizures of illicit drugs have increased by 30% this year.今年违禁药品的扣押增长了30%。
25 aggravating a730a877bac97b818a472d65bb9eed6d     
adj.恼人的,讨厌的
参考例句:
  • How aggravating to be interrupted! 被打扰,多令人生气呀!
  • Diesel exhaust is particularly aggravating to many susceptible individuals. 许多体质敏感的人尤其反感柴油废气。
26 implemented a0211e5272f6fc75ac06e2d62558aff0     
v.实现( implement的过去式和过去分词 );执行;贯彻;使生效
参考例句:
  • This agreement, if not implemented, is a mere scrap of paper. 这个协定如不执行只不过是一纸空文。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 如果不实施影响深远的改革,经济就面临崩溃的危险。 来自辞典例句
27 Oxford Wmmz0a     
n.牛津(英国城市)
参考例句:
  • At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
  • This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。
28 whitewashes 613255b26887552fc29477239d4a9438     
粉饰,美化,掩饰( whitewash的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • The wall whitewashes very easily. 这墙极容易粉刷。
  • Previous British reports, which concentrated on the government's use of intelligence, have been dismissed as whitewashes. 以往英国的调查主要关注政府的情报使用情况,这些调查被认为不过是一桶粉饰错误的白色涂料而已。
29 cocaine VbYy4     
n.可卡因,古柯碱(用作局部麻醉剂)
参考例句:
  • That young man is a cocaine addict.那个年轻人吸食可卡因成瘾。
  • Don't have cocaine abusively.不可滥服古柯碱。
30 heroin IrSzHX     
n.海洛因
参考例句:
  • Customs have made their biggest ever seizure of heroin.海关查获了有史以来最大的一批海洛因。
  • Heroin has been smuggled out by sea.海洛因已从海上偷运出境。
31 relatively bkqzS3     
adv.比较...地,相对地
参考例句:
  • The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
  • The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
32 mythology I6zzV     
n.神话,神话学,神话集
参考例句:
  • In Greek mythology,Zeus was the ruler of Gods and men.在希腊神话中,宙斯是众神和人类的统治者。
  • He is the hero of Greek mythology.他是希腊民间传说中的英雄。
33 stigmatized f2bd220a4d461ad191b951908541b7ca     
v.使受耻辱,指责,污辱( stigmatize的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • He was stigmatized as an ex-convict. 他遭人污辱,说他给判过刑。 来自辞典例句
  • Such a view has been stigmatized as mechanical jurisprudence. 蔑称这种观点为机械法学。 来自辞典例句
34 impervious 2ynyU     
adj.不能渗透的,不能穿过的,不易伤害的
参考例句:
  • He was completely impervious to criticism.他对批评毫不在乎。
  • This material is impervious to gases and liquids.气体和液体都透不过这种物质。
35 persuasive 0MZxR     
adj.有说服力的,能说得使人相信的
参考例句:
  • His arguments in favour of a new school are very persuasive.他赞成办一座新学校的理由很有说服力。
  • The evidence was not really persuasive enough.证据并不是太有说服力。
36 disorder Et1x4     
n.紊乱,混乱;骚动,骚乱;疾病,失调
参考例句:
  • When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后,他发现屋子里乱七八糟。
  • It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。
37 comas e1e9025082398bccb075920d3f50c3fd     
n.昏迷( coma的名词复数 )
参考例句:
38 weird bghw8     
adj.古怪的,离奇的;怪诞的,神秘而可怕的
参考例句:
  • From his weird behaviour,he seems a bit of an oddity.从他不寻常的行为看来,他好像有点怪。
  • His weird clothes really gas me.他的怪衣裳简直笑死人。
39 dinosaur xuSxp     
n.恐龙
参考例句:
  • Are you trying to tell me that David was attacked by a dinosaur?你是想要告诉我大卫被一支恐龙所攻击?
  • He stared at the faithful miniature of the dinosaur.他凝视著精确的恐龙缩小模型。
40 dinosaurs 87f9c39b9e3f358174d58a584c2727b4     
n.恐龙( dinosaur的名词复数 );守旧落伍的人,过时落后的东西
参考例句:
  • The brontosaurus was one of the largest of all dinosaurs. 雷龙是所有恐龙中最大的一种。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years. 恐龙绝种已有几百万年了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
41 trauma TJIzJ     
n.外伤,精神创伤
参考例句:
  • Counselling is helping him work through this trauma.心理辅导正帮助他面对痛苦。
  • The phobia may have its root in a childhood trauma.恐惧症可能源于童年时期的创伤。
42 offset mIZx8     
n.分支,补偿;v.抵消,补偿
参考例句:
  • Their wage increases would be offset by higher prices.他们增加的工资会被物价上涨所抵消。
  • He put up his prices to offset the increased cost of materials.他提高了售价以补偿材料成本的增加。
43 partially yL7xm     
adv.部分地,从某些方面讲
参考例句:
  • The door was partially concealed by the drapes.门有一部分被门帘遮住了。
  • The police managed to restore calm and the curfew was partially lifted.警方设法恢复了平静,宵禁部分解除。
44 specimen Xvtwm     
n.样本,标本
参考例句:
  • You'll need tweezers to hold up the specimen.你要用镊子来夹这标本。
  • This specimen is richly variegated in colour.这件标本上有很多颜色。
45 skull CETyO     
n.头骨;颅骨
参考例句:
  • The skull bones fuse between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five.头骨在15至25岁之间长合。
  • He fell out of the window and cracked his skull.他从窗子摔了出去,跌裂了颅骨。
46 crest raqyA     
n.顶点;饰章;羽冠;vt.达到顶点;vi.形成浪尖
参考例句:
  • The rooster bristled his crest.公鸡竖起了鸡冠。
  • He reached the crest of the hill before dawn.他于黎明前到达山顶。
47 dealing NvjzWP     
n.经商方法,待人态度
参考例句:
  • This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
  • His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。
48 briefly 9Styo     
adv.简单地,简短地
参考例句:
  • I want to touch briefly on another aspect of the problem.我想简单地谈一下这个问题的另一方面。
  • He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group.他被一个恐怖组织绑架并短暂拘禁。
49 reptiles 45053265723f59bd84cf4af2b15def8e     
n.爬行动物,爬虫( reptile的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Snakes and crocodiles are both reptiles. 蛇和鳄鱼都是爬行动物。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Birds, reptiles and insects come from eggs. 鸟类、爬虫及昆虫是卵生的。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
50 considerably 0YWyQ     
adv.极大地;相当大地;在很大程度上
参考例句:
  • The economic situation has changed considerably.经济形势已发生了相当大的变化。
  • The gap has narrowed considerably.分歧大大缩小了。
51 crests 9ef5f38e01ed60489f228ef56d77c5c8     
v.到达山顶(或浪峰)( crest的第三人称单数 );到达洪峰,达到顶点
参考例句:
  • The surfers were riding in towards the beach on the crests of the waves. 冲浪者们顺着浪头冲向岸边。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The correspondent aroused, heard the crash of the toppled crests. 记者醒了,他听见了浪头倒塌下来的轰隆轰隆声。 来自辞典例句
52 dubbed dubbed     
v.给…起绰号( dub的过去式和过去分词 );把…称为;配音;复制
参考例句:
  • Mathematics was once dubbed the handmaiden of the sciences. 数学曾一度被视为各门科学的基础。
  • Is the movie dubbed or does it have subtitles? 这部电影是配音的还是打字幕的? 来自《简明英汉词典》
53 apothecary iMcyM     
n.药剂师
参考例句:
  • I am an apothecary of that hospital.我是那家医院的一名药剂师。
  • He was the usual cut and dry apothecary,of no particular age and color.他是那种再普通不过的行医者,说不出多大年纪,相貌也没什么值得一提的。
54 comedians efcac24154f4452751c4385767145187     
n.喜剧演员,丑角( comedian的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The voice was rich, lordly, Harvardish, like all the boring radio comedians'imitations. 声音浑厚、威严,俨然是哈佛出身的气派,就跟无线电里所有的滑稽演员叫人已经听腻的模仿完全一样。 来自辞典例句
  • He distracted them by joking and imitating movie and radio comedians. 他用开玩笑的方法或者模仿电影及广播中的滑稽演员来对付他们。 来自辞典例句
55 vibration nLDza     
n.颤动,振动;摆动
参考例句:
  • There is so much vibration on a ship that one cannot write.船上的震动大得使人无法书写。
  • The vibration of the window woke me up.窗子的震动把我惊醒了。

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