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科学美国人60秒 SSS Combat stress, Intel high school science competition, GLOBE At Night astronomy project

时间:2017-06-20 06:59:40

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Welcome to the Scientific American podcast for the seven days starting March 22nd. I am Steve Mirsky. This week on the podcast, U.S. Army Captain Bret Moore talks about combat stress in Iraq. We will also hear from Shannon Babb, the big winner in this year's Intel Science Talent Search, and astronomer1 Stephen Pompea tells us about a science project that even little kids at home can help out with. Plus, we will test your knowledge of some recent science in the news. First up, Captain Bret Moore. Captain Moore is a clinical psychologist with the 85th Combat Stress Control Unit based in Fort Hood2, Texas. He is currently deployed3 in Iraq, where U.S. combat operations have now passed the three-year mark. Along with fellow psychologist and Army Captain Greg Reger, Moore wrote the article, "Combating Stress in Iraq," which appeared in the February/March issue of the publication Scientific American Mind. Captain Moore called me from Kirkuk in northeastern Iraq.

Steve: Captain Moore, I really appreciate you calling in.

Moore: Oh, not a problem. Thanks for having me.

Steve: It's our pleasure. Can you tell me, first of all, over the years it has been called shell shock, then battle fatigue4, and now apparently5 combat stress. Can you define combat stress?

Moore: Yeah! Combat stress is basically a reaction to some type of event within a combat environment which makes the individual adjust to a situation. The correct term, actually, is probably combat operational stress. Then, the operational identifier was added because even soldiers who may not go on a lot of combat mission[s] are still prone6 to stress in the operational environment, maybe health, on issues, or the grueling workdays environment. So, combat operational stress is probably the best term for basically anything within the environment that causes the person to adjust and it can cause problems with physiology7, which are emotions or mood, things of that nature.

Steve: How is Iraq different from previous experiences for American forces?

Moore: As far as non-healthy means?

Steve: Yes! Absolutely, in terms of combat operational stress.

Moore: Sure. Greg and I talked about in the article, the operations here soldiers are required to take—soldiers I include marines as well—are required to take somewhat of a defensive8 and reactive posture9 [in] combat operations. Much of their time is spent in going through villages, patrolling different villages, searching for weapon caches, and you never know when or if you might become part of an attack. Ambush10 can happen at any time and it creates what we call anticipatory11 anxiety – not knowing when or if it's going to happen, and that can cause a lot of stress anxiety for soldiers out there.

Steve: So, what kind of techniques are you using? What kind of specific techniques you're using with the people who are actually involved on a daily basis with this kind of stress?

Moore: Well! There is[are] a couple of levels. Something that… ideas that I can operate, or my framework, is based [on] that of is, there is an acronym12 called PIE and it's related to combat operational stress. The P stands for proximity13, which means you treat as close to the front and work out a front-line roundabout, sort of, if possible. That's the first part. Immediacy is where we intervene as quickly as possible. Expectancy14 is where we install a sense of recovery and return to duty. We don't classify and diagnose. We let the soldier know that what you are experiencing is normal and then we have to ask them, which is simplicity15, and we stick to the basics: food, rest, recovery, recuperation, and somewhat evidence-based treatment approaches, like, I talk in the article about cognitive16 behavioral therapy, which is something that we use quite often out here.

Steve: The Oregonian newspaper on Sunday, March 19th, did a major story there about post-traumatic stress among returning Iraq veterans and we are not talking about post-traumatic stress, but is there a relationship between combat operational stress now and post-traumatic stress disorder17 down the line.

Moore: Well! There can be. With post-traumatic stress there has to be some traumatic event and I think one of the misperceptions in this conception out here or back home in [the] media [is] that, just someone who was in a combat environment is going to develop, or is exposed to a traumatic event, which is actually not true. Humans, we're very resilient, were able to deal with a lot of stresses and most soldiers returning home are going to be fine, but soldiers are absolutely are at increased risk out here because there is a possibility of numerous traumatic events and multiple combat stresses, but I think it is important for people to realize that post-traumatic stress is always actually not a huge part of what soldiers deal with when they go home. Depression, anxiety are also just as common.

Steve: Just as common. Is there anything else that they deal with more that maybe people don't know about?

Moore: Well! Relationship problems are a huge thing and I would say most of the problems handled out here have been related to relationship problems back home, maybe with the spouse18 or a family member, and personally, I wish people would focus on that as opposed to PTSD because that is really a significant stressor for soldiers out here.

Steve: Very interesting. Can you tell me, I am sure this is outside of your area, but it occurs to me that if we are talking about combat operational stress as just being in the theater, there are a lot of Iraqi civilians19 who must be under enormous stress. Any idea what is going on with their mental health?

Moore: Actually, I can't speak much to... I saw something in an article the other day about having a greater need for psychologists, actually Iraqi psychologists, but you know, personally I don't know much what that's like, what the levels are like, what the main issues are. I mean, I will assume, I think I must sincerely tell you that the stress involved is not just for American troops, but for Iraqi people as well. But yeah! I certainly can't speak intelligently about that.

Steve: Can you talk a little bit about, in the article in Scientific American Mind in the February/March issue that you and your colleague wrote, you talk about one incident in a sidebar. You talk about an incident where you were in an armed confrontation20, and can you talk about whether that experience gave you any kind of an insight that you have been able to bring to your treatment of combat soldiers and marines?

Moore: Sure. What it did is, it certainly gave me a deeper appreciation21 for what these soldiers and marines go through. One of the reasons why, in the first part of my tenure22 out here I made an effort to go out on convoys23 and try to go on as many patrols in[as] my command would let me do, and what it did is it really gave me a sense of what these soldiers go through from within a year's time frame, may go outside the wire. When I say outside the wire I mean going on a combat mission, leaving the base. It's amazing how they cope with the stress and my little glimpse of what they go through, it could help me come back with a lot of soldiers after that, as far as helping24 them get through some of their combat stress and their traumatic experiences.

Steve: How much longer are you going to be there?

Moore: I am on the last phase. I am going home pretty soon. Can't give the exact date, but it's pretty close.

Steve: Well! Safe travels and I thank you very much for talking to us today.

Moore: You are welcome.

Steve: Captain Moore's article, "Combating Stress in Iraq," appeared in the February/March issue of Scientific American Mind. That's a new bimonthly publication from the editors of Scientific American magazine concentrating on psychology25, neuroscience, and related fields. It's available at newsstands, by subscription26 or at www.sciammind.com. That's s-c-i-a-m-m-i-n-d.com.

Now it's time to play TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. Here are four science stories and in honor of the recently celebrated27 Saint Patrick's Day, all four stories are about beer, but only three are true. See if you know which story is TOTALL…….Y BOGUS.

Story number 1: Researchers in Austria and the Czech Republic report that beer is an anti-inflammatory and can slow the aging process.

Story number 2: In most places, so-called 3.2 beer is 3.2 percent alcohol, but in Utah 3.2 beer is actually 4 percent alcohol.

Story number 3: Microbiologists at the University of Heidelberg genetically28 modified the beer-making yeast29 Saccharomyces cerevisiae so that it produces a beer that looks and tastes almost exactly like cola, although with about a 10 percent alcohol content.

Story number 4: Norway resident Haldis Gundersen was recently amazed to find that when she turned on her kitchen faucet30 beer flowed forth31.

We will be back with the answer. But first, on March 14th the Intel Corporation announced the winners of their big high school science talent search, and the grand prize went to Shannon Babb of Highland32, Utah. The 18 year old studied the water quality in the Spanish Fork River and developed plants to make the river healthier. I called her at her home in Highland.

Steve: Hi, Shannon. Thanks for talking to us today.

Shannon: Hi, my pleasure.

Steve: So, you are the big winner. Tell us what you did. What did you do to win the Intel?

Shannon: I did a six-month longitudinal study of the Spanish Fork River system and then figured out ways to fix the problems I found.

Steve: What kind of problems did you find, first of all?

Shannon: Well! There are several human pollution problems I found. There was E coli in one of the sites. There was nitrogen and phosphorous contamination – turbidity33, which is how much dirt is in the water, well-dissolved oxygen, so the fish couldn't breathe, and I also found that there was[were] not as many species after human beings had come in contact with the river.

Steve: What did you use to measure the levels of E coli?

Shannon: E coli, I did a swab test. So, you take the sample of water and then you swab, chalk out others and you put them in the incubator and as it comes out with the metallic34 sheen, then you know that you have E coli.

Steve: And, I understand that you have been researching water quality for a quite a bit longer than the past six months.

Shannon: Yes.

Steve: How did you get interested in that and for how long have you been looking at that?

Shannon: I have always been interested in science and nature and when I was younger, water quality was always in [the] news because we were in a drought; there wasn't much water. We had to protect what we had and yet they kept on saying it's polluted, but I couldn't find any data that said yes, it is polluted or no, it really isn't. So, I created a study to test that. Five years later, here I am and my studies are getting national recognition.

Steve: So, the study that you won the Intel [competition] with is actually the same study that you started when you were 13?

Shannon: Yes, it's the third phase of a much larger project called, "The Ins and Outs of Utah Lake."

Steve: What remediation plan did you come up with? Can you summarize that?

Shannon: I split it into three major sections. We have the education of the community, telling people that what they put on their land does end up falling directly into the river. That is the phase were I talked with local politicians and the state water quality board explaining the problems and trying to get them to repair things like design structure and improve the structure of both drainage system, and the last phase is trying to repair the riparian zone because that helps prevent pollutants35 from entering the river.

Steve: You took home [a] $100,000 scholarship. So, what was your reaction when you learned that you had actually won it?

Shannon: My first reaction was, "What?" I was amazed. I had no clue that I even had a chance. I thought, maybe if I was lucky I could get the 10th, but not first.

Steve: And, what was the reaction of your friends and family?

Shannon: Oh! My friends never had a doubt. My family was also kind of surprised because they knew about this competition, how prestigious36 and how hard it is to win it.

Steve: I think six people who have won this have gone on to win Nobel Prizes, in fact.

Shannon: Yeah! It's very prestigious.

Steve: And your school, they must be just going crazy.

Shannon: I am a hot topic. I made it onto the announcement, which doesn't usually happen for the academic.

Steve: You made it onto your school announcements, I see, and that doesn't happen for an academic, while it usually happens for the sports people?

Shannon: Usually happens for sports or drama club, but not for pure academics.

Steve: Yeah! Well, this is really a big deal. And do you know what college you are going to in the fall?

Shannon: Utah State.

Steve: And they must be beside themselves as well. Have you heard from them?

Shannon: They are already e-mailing me, all excited and already telling ways they can help me out with the transition at the Utah State. It's exciting.

Steve: That’s great, and do you know what you want to do ultimately?

Shannon: I want to continue studying water quality.

Steve: So, you are actually very serious about making that your career.

Shannon: I have explored other channels of science and hydrology is great because it allows you to study chemistry, physics, geology, biology, entomology, all at the same time.

Steve: That's great. Well! Thank you very much, Shannon. I really appreciate you coming on.

Shannon: You are welcome.

Steve: Second prize in the Intel Science Talent Search went to 17-year-old Yi Sun of San Jose California. He won a $75,000 scholarship for studying the mathematics of random37 motion. The third prize winner was Chelsea Zhang from Silver Spring, Maryland. She showed that by-products of low-density lipoproteins contribute to blocked arteries38, and she got a $50,000 scholarship. Another $305,000 went to the 37 other finalists and all finalists got a laptop computer.

Now it's time to see which story was TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. Here are the four stories again.

Story number 1: Austrian and Czech researchers say beer decreases inflammation and slows aging.

Story number 2: In Shannon Babb's Utah, 3.2 beer is really 4 percent alcohol.

Story number 3: German microbiologists genetically modified yeast to make beer that tastes like cola with a kick.

Story number 4: A woman in Norway had hot and cold running beer faucets39.

Story number 1 is true. In a study published in the March issue of International Immunopharmacology, Austrian and Czech researchers say that beer hops40 decrease levels of chemical compounds associated with inflammation. A grain of salt in the beer, though – Fortune magazine points out that the study was paid for by a group of breweries41 and that an earlier Czech study reported that two beers a day for impotence (unclear)—because after two beers...

Story number 2 is true. Salt Lake City's KUTV reports that Utah measures beer's alcohol content by weight, while most places measure alcohol content by volume. When Utah beer's alcohol was measured the way everyone else measures their 3.2 percent beer, it's actually 4 percent alcohol. Most beer, by the way, is about 5 percent alcohol by volume.

And story number 4 is true. Norway's Haldis Gundersen did have beer coming from her kitchen faucet while the big teller42 bar downstairs from Ms. Gundersen had water coming from their beer taps. The Associated Press reports that some appallingly43 poor plumber44 had connected the bar's beer hoses to the house's water pipes and the incoming water pipes to the bar taps. It's a Saint Patrick's Day miracle explained, which means that the story about the genetically engineered yeast that produces high-alcohol content cola-flavored beer is TOTALL…….Y BOGUS, for now. Next up, Stephen Pompea. He is an astronomer and the manager of science education at the National Optical Astronomy Observatory45 in Tucson. The observatory is part of a program called GLOBE, and a collaboration46 called GLOBE at Night, that's a worldwide science project that takes place all this week from March 22nd to March 29th. Anybody, even little kids, can take part by doing just a minute of star gazing and noting down what they see. To find out more about GLOBE at Night, I called Dr. Pompea at his office in Tucson.

Steve: Dr. Pompea, thanks for talking to us today.

Pompea: My pleasure to be here.

Steve: Tell us about GLOBE and about GLOBE at Night.

Pompea: Well! The GLOBE project is a worldwide education project to have students around the world gather scientific data, and the GLOBE at Night project is our attempt to gather information about the brightness of the night sky around the world.

Steve: What age group of students are we looking at here?

Pompea: Well! This project is appropriate for any age that can go outside. They just have to be able to find the constellation47 of the Orion and be able to observe how bright the constellation looks from their location.

Steve: So, this is a great thing for little kids to do with their parents or for a school group to do.

Pompea: Yes, it would work for any age. The only thing is, it would be best to be done with some supervision48.

Steve: So, we are actually going to look at Orion. How are little kids going to judge the intensity49 of the stars that they are looking at?

Pompea: Well! Through the Web we provide a map of Orion as it would look from different locations. So, from a very dark sky location, they would see a lot of stars in Orion. From a big city, they would just see a few stars. So, they are really asked to compare what they see with one of these pictures that we have taken and give to them.

Steve: Is the intent of the GLOBE at Night project just to get kids involved or you actually trying to generate real data here?

Pompea: We are trying to generate real data. We have a tremendous resource in these kids across the world and they can give us an insight into how the sky looks from their location and also how much energy is being wasted from that location.

Steve: We want to look at the relative intensities50 that people can appreciate from around the world in different spots because light pollution is such a problem for astronomy now?

Pompea: Light pollution is a big problem for astronomy. Even the stars are now an endangered species. If you want to go out and enjoy the wonders of the night sky, you really need an automobile51 with a full tank of gas. So, we're hoping that this will build the awareness52 of the fact that the wonders of the night sky are really not possible for many people in the world.

Steve: Is it really necessary for us to be using as much light at night, especially in big cities, as we are currently?

Pompea: No, not at all. Most of the light is wasted. It's not directed where it needs to go. It's going up into the sky and interfering53 with our view of the sky. We could save a tremendous amount of energy if we could shield our streetlights properly. Before, you would look down at the Earth from space or even from an airplane, then we see how the lights that are coming up at us. It's basically like a big billboard54 that says. "We like to waste energy," sort of the advertisers have the ability to throw away electricity, which is something we can't do.

Steve: Do you want to talk at all about what you think the aesthetic55 value is of star gazing, especially for kids?

Pompea: I think kids really can benefit from a view at the night sky. Many of us who are older have seen the Milky56 Way and know the great beauty of the Milky Way, but most kids today have never been in a situation where they can see a dark night sky or see the Milky Way and that's really a sad situation.

Steve: Dr. Pompea, thank you very much for your time.

Pompea: Thank you. It's my pleasure.

Steve: The GLOBE program is managed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric57 Research and Colorado State University with support from NASA, the National Science Foundation and the State Department. To take part in the GLOBE at Night project, go to www.globe.gov/globeatnight, all one word—"globeatnight."

Well! That's it for this edition of the Scientific American podcast. Our e-mail address is [email protected]. That's [email protected]. And also remember that science news is updated daily on the Scientific American Web site, www.sciam.com. I am Steve Mirsky. Thanks for clicking on us.


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 astronomer DOEyh     
n.天文学家
参考例句:
  • A new star attracted the notice of the astronomer.新发现的一颗星引起了那位天文学家的注意。
  • He is reputed to have been a good astronomer.他以一个优秀的天文学者闻名于世。
2 hood ddwzJ     
n.头巾,兜帽,覆盖;v.罩上,以头巾覆盖
参考例句:
  • She is wearing a red cloak with a hood.她穿着一件红色带兜帽的披风。
  • The car hood was dented in.汽车的发动机罩已凹了进去。
3 deployed 4ceaf19fb3d0a70e329fcd3777bb05ea     
(尤指军事行动)使展开( deploy的过去式和过去分词 ); 施展; 部署; 有效地利用
参考例句:
  • Tanks have been deployed all along the front line. 沿整个前线已部署了坦克。
  • The artillery was deployed to bear on the fort. 火炮是对着那个碉堡部署的。
4 fatigue PhVzV     
n.疲劳,劳累
参考例句:
  • The old lady can't bear the fatigue of a long journey.这位老妇人不能忍受长途旅行的疲劳。
  • I have got over my weakness and fatigue.我已从虚弱和疲劳中恢复过来了。
5 apparently tMmyQ     
adv.显然地;表面上,似乎
参考例句:
  • An apparently blind alley leads suddenly into an open space.山穷水尽,豁然开朗。
  • He was apparently much surprised at the news.他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。
6 prone 50bzu     
adj.(to)易于…的,很可能…的;俯卧的
参考例句:
  • Some people are prone to jump to hasty conclusions.有些人往往作出轻率的结论。
  • He is prone to lose his temper when people disagree with him.人家一不同意他的意见,他就发脾气。
7 physiology uAfyL     
n.生理学,生理机能
参考例句:
  • He bought a book about physiology.他买了一本生理学方面的书。
  • He was awarded the Nobel Prize for achievements in physiology.他因生理学方面的建树而被授予诺贝尔奖。
8 defensive buszxy     
adj.防御的;防卫的;防守的
参考例句:
  • Their questions about the money put her on the defensive.他们问到钱的问题,使她警觉起来。
  • The Government hastily organized defensive measures against the raids.政府急忙布置了防卫措施抵御空袭。
9 posture q1gzk     
n.姿势,姿态,心态,态度;v.作出某种姿势
参考例句:
  • The government adopted an uncompromising posture on the issue of independence.政府在独立这一问题上采取了毫不妥协的态度。
  • He tore off his coat and assumed a fighting posture.他脱掉上衣,摆出一副打架的架势。
10 ambush DNPzg     
n.埋伏(地点);伏兵;v.埋伏;伏击
参考例句:
  • Our soldiers lay in ambush in the jungle for the enemy.我方战士埋伏在丛林中等待敌人。
  • Four men led by a sergeant lay in ambush at the crossroads.由一名中士率领的四名士兵埋伏在十字路口。
11 anticipatory UMMyh     
adj.预想的,预期的
参考例句:
  • An anticipatory story is a trap to the teller.对于讲故事的人而言,事先想好的故事是个框框。
  • Data quality is a function of systematic usage,not anticipatory design.数据质量是系统使用的功能,不是可预料的设计。
12 acronym Ny8zN     
n.首字母简略词,简称
参考例句:
  • That's a mouthful of an acronym for a very simple technology.对于一项非常简单的技术来说,这是一个很绕口的缩写词。
  • TSDF is an acronym for Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities.TSDF是处理,储存和处置设施的一个缩写。
13 proximity 5RsxM     
n.接近,邻近
参考例句:
  • Marriages in proximity of blood are forbidden by the law.法律规定禁止近亲结婚。
  • Their house is in close proximity to ours.他们的房子很接近我们的。
14 expectancy tlMys     
n.期望,预期,(根据概率统计求得)预期数额
参考例句:
  • Japanese people have a very high life expectancy.日本人的平均寿命非常长。
  • The atomosphere of tense expectancy sobered everyone.这种期望的紧张气氛使每个人变得严肃起来。
15 simplicity Vryyv     
n.简单,简易;朴素;直率,单纯
参考例句:
  • She dressed with elegant simplicity.她穿着朴素高雅。
  • The beauty of this plan is its simplicity.简明扼要是这个计划的一大特点。
16 cognitive Uqwz0     
adj.认知的,认识的,有感知的
参考例句:
  • As children grow older,their cognitive processes become sharper.孩子们越长越大,他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。
  • The cognitive psychologist is like the tinker who wants to know how a clock works.认知心理学者倒很像一个需要通晓钟表如何运转的钟表修理匠。
17 disorder Et1x4     
n.紊乱,混乱;骚动,骚乱;疾病,失调
参考例句:
  • When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后,他发现屋子里乱七八糟。
  • It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。
18 spouse Ah6yK     
n.配偶(指夫或妻)
参考例句:
  • Her spouse will come to see her on Sunday.她的丈夫星期天要来看她。
  • What is the best way to keep your spouse happy in the marriage?在婚姻中保持配偶幸福的最好方法是什么?
19 civilians 2a8bdc87d05da507ff4534c9c974b785     
平民,百姓( civilian的名词复数 ); 老百姓
参考例句:
  • the bloody massacre of innocent civilians 对无辜平民的血腥屠杀
  • At least 300 civilians are unaccounted for after the bombing raids. 遭轰炸袭击之后,至少有300名平民下落不明。
20 confrontation xYHy7     
n.对抗,对峙,冲突
参考例句:
  • We can't risk another confrontation with the union.我们不能冒再次同工会对抗的危险。
  • After years of confrontation,they finally have achieved a modus vivendi.在对抗很长时间后,他们最后达成安宁生存的非正式协议。
21 appreciation Pv9zs     
n.评价;欣赏;感谢;领会,理解;价格上涨
参考例句:
  • I would like to express my appreciation and thanks to you all.我想对你们所有人表达我的感激和谢意。
  • I'll be sending them a donation in appreciation of their help.我将送给他们一笔捐款以感谢他们的帮助。
22 tenure Uqjy2     
n.终身职位;任期;(土地)保有权,保有期
参考例句:
  • He remained popular throughout his tenure of the office of mayor.他在担任市长的整个任期内都深得民心。
  • Land tenure is a leading political issue in many parts of the world.土地的保有权在世界很多地区是主要的政治问题。
23 convoys dc0d0ace5476e19f963b0142aacadeed     
n.(有护航的)船队( convoy的名词复数 );车队;护航(队);护送队
参考例句:
  • Truck convoys often stop over for lunch here. 车队经常在这里停下来吃午饭。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • A UN official said aid programs will be suspended until there's adequate protection for relief convoys. 一名联合国官员说将会暂停援助项目,直到援助车队能够得到充分的保护为止。 来自辞典例句
24 helping 2rGzDc     
n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的,辅助的
参考例句:
  • The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
  • By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。
25 psychology U0Wze     
n.心理,心理学,心理状态
参考例句:
  • She has a background in child psychology.她受过儿童心理学的教育。
  • He studied philosophy and psychology at Cambridge.他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学。
26 subscription qH8zt     
n.预订,预订费,亲笔签名,调配法,下标(处方)
参考例句:
  • We paid a subscription of 5 pounds yearly.我们按年度缴纳5英镑的订阅费。
  • Subscription selling bloomed splendidly.订阅销售量激增。
27 celebrated iwLzpz     
adj.有名的,声誉卓著的
参考例句:
  • He was soon one of the most celebrated young painters in England.不久他就成了英格兰最负盛名的年轻画家之一。
  • The celebrated violinist was mobbed by the audience.观众团团围住了这位著名的小提琴演奏家。
28 genetically Lgixo     
adv.遗传上
参考例句:
  • All the bees in the colony are genetically related. 同一群体的蜜蜂都有亲缘关系。
  • Genetically modified foods have already arrived on American dinner tables. 经基因改造加工过的食物已端上了美国人的餐桌。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 基因与食物
29 yeast 7VIzu     
n.酵母;酵母片;泡沫;v.发酵;起泡沫
参考例句:
  • Yeast can be used in making beer and bread.酵母可用于酿啤酒和发面包。
  • The yeast began to work.酵母开始发酵。
30 faucet wzFyh     
n.水龙头
参考例句:
  • The faucet has developed a drip.那个水龙头已经开始滴水了。
  • She turned off the faucet and dried her hands.她关掉水龙头,把手擦干。
31 forth Hzdz2     
adv.向前;向外,往外
参考例句:
  • The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
  • He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。
32 highland sdpxR     
n.(pl.)高地,山地
参考例句:
  • The highland game is part of Scotland's cultural heritage.苏格兰高地游戏是苏格兰文化遗产的一部分。
  • The highland forests where few hunters venture have long been the bear's sanctuary.这片只有少数猎人涉险的高山森林,一直都是黑熊的避难所。
33 turbidity 5effa4e5e5d269aa16b7e171713122a6     
混浊,混乱; 混浊度; 浊度
参考例句:
  • Turbidity is predominantly made colloids. 浊度主要是由胶体物质造成的。
  • What do turbidity currents result from? 混浊流是怎么引起的呢?
34 metallic LCuxO     
adj.金属的;金属制的;含金属的;产金属的;像金属的
参考例句:
  • A sharp metallic note coming from the outside frightened me.外面传来尖锐铿锵的声音吓了我一跳。
  • He picked up a metallic ring last night.昨夜他捡了一个金属戒指。
35 pollutants 694861490fe64672170a0da250a277c7     
污染物质(尤指工业废物)( pollutant的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Pollutants are constantly being released into the atmosphere. 污染物质正在不断地被排放到大气中去。
  • The 1987 Amendments limit 301(g) discharges to a few well-studied nonconventional pollutants. 1987年的修正案把第301条(g)的普通排放限制施加在一些认真研究过的几种非常规污染物上。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
36 prestigious nQ2xn     
adj.有威望的,有声望的,受尊敬的
参考例句:
  • The young man graduated from a prestigious university.这个年轻人毕业于一所名牌大学。
  • You may even join a prestigious magazine as a contributing editor.甚至可能会加入一个知名杂志做编辑。
37 random HT9xd     
adj.随机的;任意的;n.偶然的(或随便的)行动
参考例句:
  • The list is arranged in a random order.名单排列不分先后。
  • On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查,发现肉变质了。
38 arteries 821b60db0d5e4edc87fdf5fc263ba3f5     
n.动脉( artery的名词复数 );干线,要道
参考例句:
  • Even grafting new blood vessels in place of the diseased coronary arteries has been tried. 甚至移植新血管代替不健康的冠状动脉的方法都已经试过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • This is the place where the three main arteries of West London traffic met. 这就是伦敦西部三条主要交通干线的交汇处。 来自《简明英汉词典》
39 faucets e833a2e602cd8b0df81b54d239f87538     
n.水龙头( faucet的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Water faucets shall be chrome-plated type with ball valve. 水龙头外表为铬镀层。 来自互联网
  • The plumber came that afternoon and fixed the faucets in some minutes. 当天下午,管子工来了,几分钟内便把水龙头安装好。 来自互联网
40 hops a6b9236bf6c7a3dfafdbc0709208acc0     
跳上[下]( hop的第三人称单数 ); 单足蹦跳; 齐足(或双足)跳行; 摘葎草花
参考例句:
  • The sparrow crossed the lawn in a series of hops. 那麻雀一蹦一跳地穿过草坪。
  • It is brewed from malt and hops. 它用麦精和蛇麻草酿成。
41 breweries 4386fb1ac260e1c3efc47594007a5543     
酿造厂,啤酒厂( brewery的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • In some cases, this is desirable, but most breweries prefer lighter-type beers. 在一些情况下,这是很理想的,但是大多数啤酒厂更倾向于生产酒度较低的啤酒。
  • Currently, there are 58 breweries producing Snow Beeracross the country. 目前,全国共有58个雪花啤酒厂。
42 teller yggzeP     
n.银行出纳员;(选举)计票员
参考例句:
  • The bank started her as a teller.银行起用她当出纳员。
  • The teller tried to remain aloof and calm.出纳员力图保持冷漠和镇静。
43 appallingly 395bb74ca9eccab2fb2599b65702b445     
毛骨悚然地
参考例句:
  • His tradecraft was appallingly reckless. 他的经营轻率得令人吃惊。
  • Another damning statistic for South Africa is its appallingly high murder rate. 南非还有一项糟糕的统计,表明它还有着令人毛骨悚然的高谋杀率。
44 plumber f2qzM     
n.(装修水管的)管子工
参考例句:
  • Have you asked the plumber to come and look at the leaking pipe?你叫管道工来检查漏水的管子了吗?
  • The plumber screwed up the tap by means of a spanner.管子工用板手把龙头旋紧。
45 observatory hRgzP     
n.天文台,气象台,瞭望台,观测台
参考例句:
  • Guy's house was close to the observatory.盖伊的房子离天文台很近。
  • Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day.格林威治天文台的职员们每天对大钟检查两次。
46 collaboration bW7yD     
n.合作,协作;勾结
参考例句:
  • The two companies are working in close collaboration each other.这两家公司密切合作。
  • He was shot for collaboration with the enemy.他因通敌而被枪毙了。
47 constellation CptzI     
n.星座n.灿烂的一群
参考例句:
  • A constellation is a pattern of stars as seen from the earth. 一个星座只是从地球上看到的某些恒星的一种样子。
  • The Big Dipper is not by itself a constellation. 北斗七星本身不是一个星座。
48 supervision hr6wv     
n.监督,管理
参考例句:
  • The work was done under my supervision.这项工作是在我的监督之下完成的。
  • The old man's will was executed under the personal supervision of the lawyer.老人的遗嘱是在律师的亲自监督下执行的。
49 intensity 45Ixd     
n.强烈,剧烈;强度;烈度
参考例句:
  • I didn't realize the intensity of people's feelings on this issue.我没有意识到这一问题能引起群情激奋。
  • The strike is growing in intensity.罢工日益加剧。
50 intensities 6932348967a63a2a372931f9320087f3     
n.强烈( intensity的名词复数 );(感情的)强烈程度;强度;烈度
参考例句:
  • At very high intensities, nuclear radiations cause itching and tingling of the skin. 当核辐射强度很高时,它能使皮肤感到发痒和刺痛。 来自辞典例句
  • They ask again and again in a variety of ways and intensities. 他们会以不同的方式和强度来不停地问,直到他得到自己想要的答案为止。 来自互联网
51 automobile rP1yv     
n.汽车,机动车
参考例句:
  • He is repairing the brake lever of an automobile.他正在修理汽车的刹车杆。
  • The automobile slowed down to go around the curves in the road.汽车在路上转弯时放慢了速度。
52 awareness 4yWzdW     
n.意识,觉悟,懂事,明智
参考例句:
  • There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。
  • Environmental awareness has increased over the years.这些年来人们的环境意识增强了。
53 interfering interfering     
adj. 妨碍的 动词interfere的现在分词
参考例句:
  • He's an interfering old busybody! 他老爱管闲事!
  • I wish my mother would stop interfering and let me make my own decisions. 我希望我母亲不再干预,让我自己拿主意。
54 billboard Ttrzj     
n.布告板,揭示栏,广告牌
参考例句:
  • He ploughed his energies into his father's billboard business.他把精力投入到父亲的广告牌业务中。
  • Billboard spreads will be simpler and more eye-catching.广告牌广告会比较简单且更引人注目。
55 aesthetic px8zm     
adj.美学的,审美的,有美感
参考例句:
  • My aesthetic standards are quite different from his.我的审美标准与他的大不相同。
  • The professor advanced a new aesthetic theory.那位教授提出了新的美学理论。
56 milky JD0xg     
adj.牛奶的,多奶的;乳白色的
参考例句:
  • Alexander always has milky coffee at lunchtime.亚历山大总是在午餐时喝掺奶的咖啡。
  • I like a hot milky drink at bedtime.我喜欢睡前喝杯热奶饮料。
57 atmospheric 6eayR     
adj.大气的,空气的;大气层的;大气所引起的
参考例句:
  • Sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。
  • Clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。

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