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科学美国人60秒 SSS Attacking antibiotic resistance; William Shockley biography; flu data policy.

时间:2017-06-20 07:00:35

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Welcome to Science Talk, the podcast of Scientific American magazine for the seven days starting March 29th. I am Steve Mirsky. This week on the podcast, Scientific American staff writer Gary Stix talks about research aimed at fighting one of the big problems in medicine– antibiotic1 resistance. Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Joel Shurkin discusses his new book about controversial physics Nobel laureate William Shockley, and geneticist Steven Salzberg tells us about why he thinks we need a lot more openness in flu research. Plus, we will quiz you about some recent science in the news. First up, Gary Stix. He is the special projects editor at Scientific American magazine and often writes about technology and biotechnology. He has an article in the April issue of the magazine about the efforts of one lab to fight antibiotic resistance in a new and novel way. To find out more, I called Gary at his home in New York City.

Steve: Hi, Gary, how are you?

Stix: Good, Steve, how are you?

Steve: Okay, give me the nickel tour of the work that you talk about in the article. Whose lab is it and what are they doing that's so interesting?

Stix: The researcher who heads this lab, his name is Floyd Romesberg. He is actually a chemist, not a biologist. He has been interested since his postdoctoral days in the early 1990s in the processes that drive evolution. The project that I wrote about was really on basic research that he is doing on understanding the process by which antibiotic resistance develops and finding a way to block the emergence2 of resistance.

Steve: Usually, what we try to do now about antibiotic resistance is develop new antibiotics3 that the bugs4 haven't had a chance to become resistant5 to, right?

Stix: Right!

Steve: And he is trying to get around that.

Stix: This is different. He has found a way to block antibiotic resistance by blocking the mutations that are one way that antibiotic resistance forms, the mutations in the bacteria that allow it to get around the action of the drug.

Steve: So, instead of coming up with new antibiotics, this is a way to make sure the existing antibiotics continue to work.

Stix: Yes! One form of antibiotic resistance operates by blocking a process of very rapid mutation6, hyper mutation that the bacterium7 goes through to get around the action of the drug. The drug that Romesberg was looking at in this case was Cipro, the drug that was made famous during the anthrax scare, and Cipro has to bind8 to a particular protein that causes damage to the DNA9 and ultimately results in death of the cell. But by this process of mutation that is actually set off by the initial binding10 of the drug, the bacterium can get around now.

Steve: The bacterium's progeny11 get around it, right?

Stix: The bacterium's progeny get around it. The idea that Romesberg came up with was to block one of the molecular12 processes that the bacterium goes through to prevent the drug from binding to it and causing this havoc13 of damage to its DNA and one of the ways that that resistance develops. What would ultimately come out of this is not something that would substitute for antibiotic, what would come out of this is another drug that would be administered along with Cipro or perhaps another antibiotic, and that other drug would prevent resistance while the antibiotic did its thing.

Steve: Can you tell me how long do you think it's going to be before, if ever, this thing actually pans out as a useful medicine for human beings?

Stix: Well! Romesberg has already started a company that is in the very early phases of developing a drug. What he actually showed in his laboratory is that…

Steve: Where is his laboratory, by the way?

Stix: His laboratory is at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla very near San Diego and what he showed is that this process could be blocked in mice, but they actually have to come up with a small molecule14 that is non-toxic. It does interact with other essential biological pathways and that also blocks this process and he set up a small company that's actually found some leads that may be promising15, but the process of drug development is long, arduous16, and often has a number of pitfalls17 along the way. So, it’s really hard to predict.

Steve: You've been following developments in this field for many years now. I mean, you are a veteran journalist. So, you obviously thought there was enough here to make it worthwhile to write about for Scientific American.

Stix: Well! The reason I chose this as a topic was because I write this monthly feature that tracks how a technology starts its life from basic science, how it's transferred from basic science findings into the early phases of the technology, and this is a classic example because it goes from an understanding about how evolution works all the way to the early phases of developing a drug. That's it. I wouldn't make predictions about exactly what's going to happen to it. Well! What intrigued18 me about this is that this was a very interesting way and very unusual way of attacking the problem of antibiotic resistance. Even if this doesn't work, it probably will spur other ideas, either in Romesberg's lab at his company or among other researchers of how to attack the problem.

Steve: Thanks a lot, Gary. I appreciate your time.

Stix: Oh! Thank you.

Steve: Gary Stix's article is called, "An Antibiotic Resistance Fighter." It's in the April issue of Scientific American magazine and it's available at our Web site, www.sciam.com. And while you are at our Web site, check out the information on how to get a free preview issue of Scientific American magazine along with a gift, that's www.sciam.com.

Now it's time to play TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. Here are four science stories, but only three are true. See if you know which story is TOTALL…….Y BOGUS.

Story number 1: Researchers have created transgenic pigs that produce heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids.

Story number 2: Astronomers19 have detected an energetic outburst near the constellation20 Sagittarius that they believe was caused by a distant galaxy21 in the midst of reversing the direction of its spiral rotation22.

Story number 3: A psychology23 study found that if you think that another person is dishonest or immoral24 it can affect for the worst your memories about the actual behavior of that person.

And story number 4: Older women who watch mostly talk shows and soap operas scored lower on tests of cognitive25 skills than did women who watch other kinds of TV shows.

We will be back with the answer. But first, William Shockley shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956 and he later became a controversial, even despised, figure with his theories of eugenics and intelligence. Journalist Joel Shurkin has written a new biography of Shockley. I called Shurkin at his home in Baltimore.

Steve: Hey Joel, how are you?

Shurkin: Well! Doing fine. How are you out there?

Steve: Pretty good. So, tells us, first of all, for some of the younger people, maybe they haven't heard of William Shockley. Who was William Shockley?

Shurkin: Well! First of all, he was the co-inventor of the transistor26, sort of revolutionized the world. Second of all, he was the founder27 of Silicon28 Valley. His company was the first Silicon Valley company. And third, he was involved in a dispute over nature and nurture29 and intelligence and genetics and race and eugenics, and destroyed his life thereby30.

Steve: Yeah! The second part of his life was really fascinating. It's like his whole life kind of just went off the rails. Let's go over exactly what he did in the later part of his life that made him so controversial. It wasn't just that he started to have these kinds of beliefs about race and about intelligence and he really acted on them.

Shurkin: Yeah! Well! He acted on them. He gave speeches on it. He got into debates on it. He did everything he could to publicize it. He called it dysgenics, which is the opposite of eugenics. He believed that the human race was de-evolving because the brightest people were reproducing at a lower rate than the un-brightest people. It's sort of reverse Darwinism. It was an argument that the scientific community did not want to hear and does not want to hear now. Nature-nurture debate is still extremely controversial and I am sure the book is going to raise hackles from one… to another country to the other. He was as politically incorrect as a human being could possibly be.

Steve: Well! It almost sounds from the way you said that as if you have maybe a grudging31 admiration32 for him. Is that going too far?

Shurkin: That's going too far.

Steve: Okay.

Shurkin: The problem with it is that some of things he said turned out to be true. Intelligence probably is, to an extent we don't know, inheritable. That turns out to be accepted science. What got him into trouble besides that is that he believed that the blacks scored 10 percent less on IQ tests as a group than whites did, and people did not want to hear that, do not want to hear that, and no one knows what to make out.

Steve: But he seemed to be pretty sure about what to make of it.

Shurkin: Yes! He was. He claimed he was not a racist33, but after a while, you know, when you push somebody into argument they start getting more and more extreme and that's what happened to him. He started out almost reasonable, but by the time he was done arguing he was totally unreasonable34.

Steve: And, he really spent the last years of his life completely….

Shurkin: The last third of his life was spent on this thought, totally destroyed his reputation.

Steve: He wasn't doing physics anymore, right?

Shurkin: Oh! No! He stopped doing physics a long time ago. When his Silicon Valley company failed in the early '60s, he stopped doing physics.

Steve: What was the name of that company?

Shurkin: Shockley Semiconductor35. It was the first Silicon Valley company. Shockley was such an unpleasant person that his eight best employees left, founded something called Fairchild Semiconductor, and then several of them left and formed a little company called Intel. He could have been at least as rich as Bill Gates. He could have driven technology in them, the most influential36 and important people imaginable, but because by this time he became such an irascible son of a gun nobody wanted to work for him or even be in the same room with him. A friend of his described him as having reverse charisma37.

Steve: Reverse charisma.

Shurkin: He would walk into a room and you would instantly take a disliking (unclear).

Steve: So, what was it about Shockley that attracted you to him to the point where you wanted to spend the time that takes to write a biography of somebody?

Shurkin: I am not too great.

Steve: It's a good thing that Shockley didn't know you because he might have wanted to have you sterilized38.

Shurkin: He wouldn't have let me interview him because I would have failed the IQ test, (laughs) which he allegedly gave every reporter who wanted to interview him, but turns out not to be quite sure, but almost. Shockley's life was a Greek tragedy without redemption at the end. It has got all the elements. Socrates easily could have written his biography.

Steve: Did you learn anything that really surprised you in the course of researching this book?

Shurkin: Several things. One was his influence on Silicon Valley. I did not realize that he was the reason why it's called Silicon Valley and not Germanium Valley for one thing. He is also the reason why it's in Northern California instead of Pasadena, which is another thing. He had that much influence on it.

Steve: Well! Silicon over germanium because that was the element that he realized was what you should be working with?

Shurkin: Yes! It was easier and more effective to be working on silicon than germanium. Mostly, the original work has actually been done on germanium and it wasn't until he decided39 that he was going to build silicon transistors40 that everybody else switched this world.

Steve: Joel, thanks very much.

Shurkin: My pleasure.

Steve: Joel Shurkin's biography is called Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley. It comes out at the beginning of June and it's available now for pre-order at Amazon and Barnes and Noble.

Now it's time to see which story was TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. Here are the four stories again.

Story number 1: Transgenic pigs make omega-3 oils.

Story number 2: Astronomers say an energy outburst as a galaxy reversing its rotation.

Story number 3: Believing somebody as a liar41 affects your memories of their behavior.

Story number 4: Older women who watch mostly talk shows and soap operas score poorly on tests of mental functioning.

Story number 4 is true. Reuters Health reports that older women watching soaps and talk shows scored lower on mental tests according to a study published in the March issue of the Southern Medical Journal. Of course, now that doesn't mean that these TV shows are dumbing it down and this is serious, it could be the other way around that having the poor cognitive skills might be what attracted, you know, watch those TV shows in the first place.

Story number 3 is true. If you think that somebody is immoral, your memories of that person's actions could be worse than if you think they are honest. That's according to a study in an upcoming issue of the journal Memory and Cognition. Psychologists told about 300 subjects a story about a guy who skipped out on his restaurant bill and they also mentioned the amount of the unpaid42 bill. Those who were told that the dine-and-dash guy was "a jerk who liked to steal" remembered the bill as being up to 25 percent more than what they had been told it was. Those who were led to believe that the man skipped out on the bill because he had gotten an emergency phone call recalled the bill as actually being slightly less than what they had originally been told.

And story number 1 is true. A new kind of transgenic pig produces the healthful omega-3 oils usually found in some kinds of fish. That's according to a study in the April 6th issue of Nature Biotechnology. Says Scientific American magazine editor in chief John Rennie, "If I can lower my cholesterol43 by eating pulled pork sandwiches and bacon, I may weep with happiness." Pork, the other white fish.

All of which means that the story about an energy outburst in the constellation, Sagittarius being from a galaxy reversing its rotational44 direction is TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. What's true though is that from our earthy point of view, the center of our galaxy, the Milky45 Way is in the direction of Sagittarius and the Milky Way appears brightest there because that's where it's the most dense46 without watching soap operas or talk shows.

Next up, Steven Salzberg. Dr. Salzberg is the director of the Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology at the University of Maryland. He is also a professor in the university’s computer science department. He has been talking lately about how we could probably put up a better fight against the flu by making some changes in how research results are reported and shared. I called Dr. Salzberg at his office in College Park, Maryland.

Steve: Dr. Salzberg, thanks for talking to us today.

Salzberg: You are welcome.

Steve: So, you want open or more open access to… is it avian flu data or the actual viruses?

Salzberg: Well! It's both, although my primary involvement has been with flu data.

Steve: And what's the current situation in terms of how open the access is? And why do you think that needs to be changed?

Salzberg: Well! There isn't any uniform policy, but it's normal scientific practice in many fields to collect data and analyze47 it for some period of time while you work on your scientific paper and that period of time can be sometimes years. If you are not working in an area of research that's critical to human health, it probably doesn't matter, but in the case of the flu and avian flu, most recently, this is an area that is of critical importance with health. So, collecting samples and collecting data about the samples and then just sitting on them while you analyze them to your heart's content is not really acceptable in my opinion.

Steve: So, I have heard that there's a private flu database out there among a small group researchers. What is that all about and why does that need to be fixed48?

Salzberg: Well! There is a database called the influenza49 sequence database that I believe is maintained at Los Alamos by a group of researchers there and for some years now they have had an open part of it and a closed or private part of that database, and a small number of researchers have been allowed to have access, small number of labs have been allowed to have access to this private database and they deposit their flu samples in there and they can share data amongst themselves, but no one else gets to look at it. Some of the groups participating in this includes U.S. CDC and World Health Organization, the WHO, and these are groups that they do a wonderful job at protecting human health around the world in many different areas, but their mission really is to protect human health and they need to recognize that keeping a private database of flu samples is not the best way to serve that mission. I would like to see it opened up.

Steve: What specific recommendations do you have?

Salzberg: Well! Specifically, the agencies that fund researchers, most of the research including my own, is funded by the government. In the U.S., it's usually funded by the federal government. There is some state funding, but large majority of it is federal government. the National Institutes of Health being the biggest funder but in the case of the flu, the Centers for Disease Control also fund their own research and a little bit about that research, and other countries also have their own ways of funding things, typically government, and the researchers in their current model of working, they are not required to release their scientific data until they publish it. Even when they publish papers, they are not always required to release the underlying50 data, but generally they want to wait at least until they get a paper because the currency of scientific research is credit, that is, credit in terms of recognition of your peers, your name on a prestigious51 scientific paper, that sort of thing. So, if the funders require you to release your data right away, then you do and we have a good model for that in the genome sequencing community, which I have been involved in for 10 years now. Most if not all large scale genome sequencing projects are funded by agencies that, now usually the NIH with the National Science Foundation, that require you to release your data immediately.

Steve: I was going to ask you if there were[was] precedence without the research materials but you basically covered that with the genome project.

Salzberg: Yeah! the human genome project established rules very early on that all the sequence data would be released right away. Now, in that case everyone involved knew that it was going to be several years before the sequencing was finished. So, to sit on the data for many years, which everyone considered that just to be unconscionable. But these days, a flu sequence only takes, you can sequence it very quickly that the delay is not finishing the sequence. It's a small genome. The delay is the amount of time it takes for a scientist to write a paper, which can take a very long time.

Steve: Whereas in theory, once you have the data, the sequence analyzed52, you could just pop it on the Internet.

Salzberg: Yes! And in fact that's exactly what we are doing in a project that I am involved in jointly53 with the Institute for Genomic Research here in Rockville, Maryland funded by the NIH. We are sequencing thousands of flu islets. So far, they are all human, but we are now starting avian flu as well and as soon as these sequences finished, we put it on our own Web site and we also deposited it in GenBank for public… sequence depository that all researchers use.

Steve: And that's a personal decision that you made?

Salzberg: Well! It was a personal decision, but when we requested the funding from NIH, we said this is what we are going to do and NIH awarded the funding with this understanding. So, there is now over 800 flu sequences that have emerged from that project in just the last year and I expect that number to more than double in the next year.

Steve: Dr. Salzberg, thanks very much.

Salzberg: You are welcome.

Steve: There's a lot of interesting stuff about genomic sequencing the flu and related subjects on Steven Salzberg's home page. Just Google Steven Salzberg. That's Steven with a "v" and Salzberg is s-a-l-z-b-e-r-g.

Want to know what your child is really thinking? Leading scientists get inside the heads of youngsters in "The Child's Mind." That's an exclusive online issue available at www.sciam.com/special.

Well! That's it for this edition of the Scientific American podcast. Our e-mail address is [email protected]. That's [email protected], and also remember that science news is updated daily on the Scientific American Web site, www.sciam.com. For science talk, the podcast of Scientific American magazine, I am Steve Mirsky. Thanks for clicking on us.


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 antibiotic KNJzd     
adj.抗菌的;n.抗生素
参考例句:
  • The doctor said that I should take some antibiotic.医生说我应该服些用抗生素。
  • Antibiotic can be used against infection.抗菌素可以用来防止感染。
2 emergence 5p3xr     
n.浮现,显现,出现,(植物)突出体
参考例句:
  • The last decade saw the emergence of a dynamic economy.最近10年见证了经济增长的姿态。
  • Language emerges and develops with the emergence and development of society.语言是随着社会的产生而产生,随着社会的发展而发展的。
3 antibiotics LzgzQT     
n.(用作复数)抗生素;(用作单数)抗生物质的研究;抗生素,抗菌素( antibiotic的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century 20世纪抗生素的发现
  • The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics. 医生给我开了抗生素。
4 bugs e3255bae220613022d67e26d2e4fa689     
adj.疯狂的,发疯的n.窃听器( bug的名词复数 );病菌;虫子;[计算机](制作软件程序所产生的意料不到的)错误
参考例句:
  • All programs have bugs and need endless refinement. 所有的程序都有漏洞,都需要不断改进。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The sacks of rice were swarming with bugs. 一袋袋的米里长满了虫子。 来自《简明英汉词典》
5 resistant 7Wvxh     
adj.(to)抵抗的,有抵抗力的
参考例句:
  • Many pests are resistant to the insecticide.许多害虫对这种杀虫剂有抵抗力。
  • They imposed their government by force on the resistant population.他们以武力把自己的统治强加在持反抗态度的人民头上。
6 mutation t1PyM     
n.变化,变异,转变
参考例句:
  • People who have this mutation need less sleep than others.有这种突变的人需要的睡眠比其他人少。
  • So far the discussion has centered entirely around mutation in the strict sense.到目前为止,严格来讲,讨论完全集中于围绕突变问题上。
7 bacterium BN7zE     
n.(pl.)bacteria 细菌
参考例句:
  • The bacterium possibly goes in the human body by the mouth.细菌可能通过口进入人体。
  • A bacterium is identified as the cause for his duodenal ulcer.一种细菌被断定为造成他十二指肠溃疡的根源。
8 bind Vt8zi     
vt.捆,包扎;装订;约束;使凝固;vi.变硬
参考例句:
  • I will let the waiter bind up the parcel for you.我让服务生帮你把包裹包起来。
  • He wants a shirt that does not bind him.他要一件不使他觉得过紧的衬衫。
9 DNA 4u3z1l     
(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
参考例句:
  • DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
  • Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。
10 binding 2yEzWb     
有约束力的,有效的,应遵守的
参考例句:
  • The contract was not signed and has no binding force. 合同没有签署因而没有约束力。
  • Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding. 双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。
11 progeny ZB5yF     
n.后代,子孙;结果
参考例句:
  • His numerous progeny are scattered all over the country.他为数众多的后代散布在全国各地。
  • He was surrounded by his numerous progeny.众多的子孙簇拥着他。
12 molecular mE9xh     
adj.分子的;克分子的
参考例句:
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
  • For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时,分子的碰撞就停止了。
13 havoc 9eyxY     
n.大破坏,浩劫,大混乱,大杂乱
参考例句:
  • The earthquake wreaked havoc on the city.地震对这个城市造成了大破坏。
  • This concentration of airborne firepower wrought havoc with the enemy forces.这次机载火力的集中攻击给敌军造成很大破坏。
14 molecule Y6Tzn     
n.分子,克分子
参考例句:
  • A molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hygrogen and one atom of oxygen.一个水分子是由P妈̬f婘̬ 妈̬成的。
  • This gives us the structural formula of the molecule.这种方式给出了分子的结构式。
15 promising BkQzsk     
adj.有希望的,有前途的
参考例句:
  • The results of the experiments are very promising.实验的结果充满了希望。
  • We're trying to bring along one or two promising young swimmers.我们正设法培养出一两名有前途的年轻游泳选手。
16 arduous 5vxzd     
adj.艰苦的,费力的,陡峭的
参考例句:
  • We must have patience in doing arduous work.我们做艰苦的工作要有耐性。
  • The task was more arduous than he had calculated.这项任务比他所估计的要艰巨得多。
17 pitfalls 0382b30a08349985c214a648cf92ca3c     
(捕猎野兽用的)陷阱( pitfall的名词复数 ); 意想不到的困难,易犯的错误
参考例句:
  • the potential pitfalls of buying a house 购买房屋可能遇到的圈套
  • Several pitfalls remain in the way of an agreement. 在达成协议的进程中还有几个隐藏的困难。
18 intrigued 7acc2a75074482e2b408c60187e27c73     
adj.好奇的,被迷住了的v.搞阴谋诡计(intrigue的过去式);激起…的兴趣或好奇心;“intrigue”的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • You've really intrigued me—tell me more! 你说的真有意思—再给我讲一些吧!
  • He was intrigued by her story. 他被她的故事迷住了。
19 astronomers 569155f16962e086bd7de77deceefcbd     
n.天文学者,天文学家( astronomer的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Astronomers can accurately foretell the date,time,and length of future eclipses. 天文学家能精确地预告未来日食月食的日期、时刻和时长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Astronomers used to ask why only Saturn has rings. 天文学家们过去一直感到奇怪,为什么只有土星有光环。 来自《简明英汉词典》
20 constellation CptzI     
n.星座n.灿烂的一群
参考例句:
  • A constellation is a pattern of stars as seen from the earth. 一个星座只是从地球上看到的某些恒星的一种样子。
  • The Big Dipper is not by itself a constellation. 北斗七星本身不是一个星座。
21 galaxy OhoxB     
n.星系;银河系;一群(杰出或著名的人物)
参考例句:
  • The earth is one of the planets in the Galaxy.地球是银河系中的星球之一。
  • The company has a galaxy of talent.该公司拥有一批优秀的人才。
22 rotation LXmxE     
n.旋转;循环,轮流
参考例句:
  • Crop rotation helps prevent soil erosion.农作物轮作有助于防止水土流失。
  • The workers in this workshop do day and night shifts in weekly rotation.这个车间的工人上白班和上夜班每周轮换一次。
23 psychology U0Wze     
n.心理,心理学,心理状态
参考例句:
  • She has a background in child psychology.她受过儿童心理学的教育。
  • He studied philosophy and psychology at Cambridge.他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学。
24 immoral waCx8     
adj.不道德的,淫荡的,荒淫的,有伤风化的
参考例句:
  • She was questioned about his immoral conduct toward her.她被询问过有关他对她的不道德行为的情况。
  • It is my belief that nuclear weapons are immoral.我相信使核武器是不邪恶的。
25 cognitive Uqwz0     
adj.认知的,认识的,有感知的
参考例句:
  • As children grow older,their cognitive processes become sharper.孩子们越长越大,他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。
  • The cognitive psychologist is like the tinker who wants to know how a clock works.认知心理学者倒很像一个需要通晓钟表如何运转的钟表修理匠。
26 transistor WnFwS     
n.晶体管,晶体管收音机
参考例句:
  • This make of transistor radio is small and beautifully designed.这半导体收音机小巧玲珑。
  • Every transistor has at least three electrodes.每个晶体管至少有三个电极。
27 Founder wigxF     
n.创始者,缔造者
参考例句:
  • He was extolled as the founder of their Florentine school.他被称颂为佛罗伦萨画派的鼻祖。
  • According to the old tradition,Romulus was the founder of Rome.按照古老的传说,罗穆卢斯是古罗马的建国者。
28 silicon dykwJ     
n.硅(旧名矽)
参考例句:
  • This company pioneered the use of silicon chip.这家公司开创了使用硅片的方法。
  • A chip is a piece of silicon about the size of a postage stamp.芯片就是一枚邮票大小的硅片。
29 nurture K5sz3     
n.养育,照顾,教育;滋养,营养品;vt.养育,给与营养物,教养,扶持
参考例句:
  • The tree grows well in his nurture.在他的培育下这棵树长得很好。
  • The two sisters had received very different nurture.这俩个姊妹接受过极不同的教育。
30 thereby Sokwv     
adv.因此,从而
参考例句:
  • I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市,因此对它不怎么熟悉。
  • He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民,因而得到了投票权。
31 grudging grudging     
adj.勉强的,吝啬的
参考例句:
  • He felt a grudging respect for her talents as an organizer.他勉强地对她的组织才能表示尊重。
  • After a pause he added"sir."in a dilatory,grudging way.停了一会他才慢吞吞地、勉勉强强地加了一声“先生”。
32 admiration afpyA     
n.钦佩,赞美,羡慕
参考例句:
  • He was lost in admiration of the beauty of the scene.他对风景之美赞不绝口。
  • We have a great admiration for the gold medalists.我们对金牌获得者极为敬佩。
33 racist GSRxZ     
n.种族主义者,种族主义分子
参考例句:
  • a series of racist attacks 一连串的种族袭击行为
  • His speech presented racist ideas under the guise of nationalism. 他的讲话以民族主义为幌子宣扬种族主义思想。
34 unreasonable tjLwm     
adj.不讲道理的,不合情理的,过度的
参考例句:
  • I know that they made the most unreasonable demands on you.我知道他们对你提出了最不合理的要求。
  • They spend an unreasonable amount of money on clothes.他们花在衣服上的钱太多了。
35 semiconductor Uzuwq     
n.半导体
参考例句:
  • In the beginning,engineers hoped to use semiconductor lasers.在开始时,工程师们希望能够利用半导体激光器。
  • The main agent of the company brand semiconductor sales.本公司主要代理各品牌半导体销售。
36 influential l7oxK     
adj.有影响的,有权势的
参考例句:
  • He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
  • He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。
37 charisma uX3ze     
n.(大众爱戴的)领袖气质,魅力
参考例句:
  • He has enormous charisma. He is a giant of a man.他有超凡的个人魅力,是个伟人。
  • I don't have the charisma to pull a crowd this size.我没有那么大的魅力,能吸引这么多人。
38 sterilized 076c787b7497ea77bc28e91a6612edc3     
v.消毒( sterilize的过去式和过去分词 );使无菌;使失去生育能力;使绝育
参考例句:
  • My wife was sterilized after the birth of her fourth child. 我妻子生完第4个孩子后做了绝育手术。 来自辞典例句
  • All surgical instruments must be sterilized before use. 所有的外科手术器械在使用之前,必须消毒。 来自辞典例句
39 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
40 transistors ff750796e6ff1fb40d6a8248a6485dc3     
晶体管( transistor的名词复数 ); 晶体管收音机,半导体收音机
参考例句:
  • In semiconductor receivers transistors take the place of vacuum tubes. 在半导体收音机中晶体管代替了真空管。
  • We often turn to this handbook for information on transistors. 我们常从这本手册查阅有关晶体管的资料。
41 liar V1ixD     
n.说谎的人
参考例句:
  • I know you for a thief and a liar!我算认识你了,一个又偷又骗的家伙!
  • She was wrongly labelled a liar.她被错误地扣上说谎者的帽子。
42 unpaid fjEwu     
adj.未付款的,无报酬的
参考例句:
  • Doctors work excessive unpaid overtime.医生过度加班却无报酬。
  • He's doing a month's unpaid work experience with an engineering firm.他正在一家工程公司无偿工作一个月以获得工作经验。
43 cholesterol qrzzV     
n.(U)胆固醇
参考例句:
  • There is cholesterol in the cell of body.人体细胞里有胆固醇。
  • They are determining the serum-protein and cholesterol levels.他们正在测定血清蛋白和胆固醇的浓度。
44 rotational iXdxF     
adj.回转的,轮流的
参考例句:
  • A synchronous motor drives the measuring bob at a constant rotational speed.同步马达驱动测锤以恒速旋转。
  • With some limitations,this is true also of rotational degrees of freedom.在某些限定条件下,这一说法对转动自由度也成立。
45 milky JD0xg     
adj.牛奶的,多奶的;乳白色的
参考例句:
  • Alexander always has milky coffee at lunchtime.亚历山大总是在午餐时喝掺奶的咖啡。
  • I like a hot milky drink at bedtime.我喜欢睡前喝杯热奶饮料。
46 dense aONzX     
a.密集的,稠密的,浓密的;密度大的
参考例句:
  • The general ambushed his troops in the dense woods. 将军把部队埋伏在浓密的树林里。
  • The path was completely covered by the dense foliage. 小路被树叶厚厚地盖了一层。
47 analyze RwUzm     
vt.分析,解析 (=analyse)
参考例句:
  • We should analyze the cause and effect of this event.我们应该分析这场事变的因果。
  • The teacher tried to analyze the cause of our failure.老师设法分析我们失败的原因。
48 fixed JsKzzj     
adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的
参考例句:
  • Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗?
  • Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定,我们就不应该随意改变。
49 influenza J4NyD     
n.流行性感冒,流感
参考例句:
  • They took steps to prevent the spread of influenza.他们采取措施
  • Influenza is an infectious disease.流感是一种传染病。
50 underlying 5fyz8c     
adj.在下面的,含蓄的,潜在的
参考例句:
  • The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说隐含的主题是十分严肃的。
  • This word has its underlying meaning.这个单词有它潜在的含义。
51 prestigious nQ2xn     
adj.有威望的,有声望的,受尊敬的
参考例句:
  • The young man graduated from a prestigious university.这个年轻人毕业于一所名牌大学。
  • You may even join a prestigious magazine as a contributing editor.甚至可能会加入一个知名杂志做编辑。
52 analyzed 483f1acae53789fbee273a644fdcda80     
v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 );分解;解释;对…进行心理分析
参考例句:
  • The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程,因为对他来说,爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》
53 jointly jp9zvS     
ad.联合地,共同地
参考例句:
  • Tenants are jointly and severally liable for payment of the rent. 租金由承租人共同且分别承担。
  • She owns the house jointly with her husband. 她和丈夫共同拥有这所房子。

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