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科学美国人60秒 SSS Early Universe, Benjamin Franklin Science, Evolution Education.

时间:2017-06-20 07:26:50

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Male voice: Novartis—committed to making innovative1 medicines for a world of patients and their families, online at novartis.com

Novartis…. Think what's possible

Steve: Welcome to Science Talk, the podcast of Scientific American for the seven days starting April 26th. I am Steve Mirsky. This week on the podcast, Scientific American author William Zajc talks about quark soup—how physicists3 are getting an idea what the universe was like immediately after the big bang. Historian Joyce Chaplin discusses the man she calls the first scientific American. And I'll talk about a conference I attended on evolution education, where I spoke4 to Jennifer Miller5, one of the biology teachers directly involved in [the] Dover intelligent design trial. Plus, we'll test your knowledge about some recent science in the news.

First up, William Zajc. He is a physicist2 at Columbia University here in New York City and also serves as the scientific spokesman for what's called the Phoenix6 experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider—that's RHIC for short—at Brookhaven National Laboratory at Long Island. Michael Riordan and Zajc wrote the cover story for the May Scientific American called "The First Few Microseconds." I called Zajc at his office at Columbia.

Steve: Dr. Zajc, thanks for being with us today.

Zajc: Yeah! It's my pleasure Steve.

Steve: In your Scientific American article, you mentioned Steven Weinberg's famous book, The First Three Minutes and how back when he wrote that in—I think, it was in 1977?

Zajc: That's correct.

Steve: He said that he couldn't get into any detail about what was going on in the very first hundredth of a second; but in your article you talk about the fact that now we can.

Zajc: Yes! Well at the time Weinberg was writing his book, the theory of quantum chromo dynamics7—how quarks and gluons interact with each other—was just being developed and at about the same time; so this was realized that they now understood what would happen in the very earliest moments of the universe. Prior to that, the indications were that there was an ultimate temperature that you could not heat matter beyond—a certain point which is to start making more and more particles. We now understand that, that was an indication that in fact the quarks and gluons were coming into play and now we understand how to extrapolate that to the first few microseconds and even earlier after the big bang.

Steve: You have this collider out on Long Island and you basically, I mean, the concept is pretty simple. You smash two gold nuclei8 into each other at speeds approaching the speed of light and then you look at the carnage that results. So what does all that tell you?

Zajc: Well! It's a little better if you lived in a world in which you only had access to water in the frozen form, like ice cubes, and you didn't have any other way to heat the ice, other than to smash them together. And, in a way, if you think of the ice cubes being replaced by atomic nuclei—gold nuclei in this case—the only way we can see them melt into a gas or a liquid or quarks and gluons is by smashing them together. And you could imagine it would be rather difficult to find evidence of steam or liquid water by smashing ice cubes together; and correspondingly it's difficult—but fortunately not impossible—to find evidence for that so-called phase transition from one form of matter to another by colliding nuclei inside these very large detectors11.

Steve: How big is the facility out on Long Island?

Zajc: Well! The accelerator is about a little over two miles around in circumference12. And there are four experiments—there are two so-called small experiments with collaborations of about a hundred scientists; and two large detectors with collaborations each of around 500 scientists and engineers.

Steve: And you are the official spokesperson for one of those larger experiments?

Zajc: That's right! I am spokesperson for the Phoenix experiment.

Steve: What specifically does that experiment look at?

Zajc: Well! Phoenix is designed to look into the very interior of this region—if you like, to perform the x-ray imaging of the collisions that result. It's actually much more than that. It's the multipurpose detector10 that has the ability to look at all stages of the collision from the very first moments when the nuclei collide until the final decayed products emerge.

Steve: And so you use the sinology of looking at the liquid water and the steam based on the collision of the ice particles; so when you actually collide the gold nuclei into each other, what do you in fact get, and what does that then in fact tell you?

Zajc: Well! Perhaps the most surprising thing that resulted is the understanding that there really is a liquid form of this matter. For various reasons, people thought that the collisions would be more like dry ice rather than regular ice. If you let a chunk13 of dry ice to sit on your table top, it doesn't turn into liquid carbon dioxide, it turns into vapor14. And the prevailing15 sentiment and hunches16 in the community were that when we smashed our nuclei together that they would transition immediately into something more like a gaseous17 state than a liquid state; and instead we found that the behavior of the particles—when you look not at individual particles, but how they emerge as a swarm18 as droplets19 almost—they are much better described by the equations of hydrodynamics as if they were a fluid rather than some diffuse20 gas.

Steve: So that's always great when your experiment gives you results that you didn't expect.

Zajc: Very exciting and also very challenging to try and understand where that's into the framework of quantum chromo dynamics and to go back and look at the calculations and understand which calculations made sense, which ones were an error; and the process of sorting that out has been extremely stimulating21 scientifically.

Steve: The Large Hadron Collider goes online next year and you are up and how does that fit into this work? Does that extend this?

Zajc: It will extend it and it will again help us in this process of sorting out which are—if any are—the correct models of the liquid state we think is formed in the accelerator at Brookhaven. The LHC will operate at a much higher energy and there are competing proposals that it will either truly reach something more like this gaseous state or the liquid behavior will persist at these much higher energies, so that's one the very first thing that we'll know when collisions start at the LHC and that will be a tremendous advance in our understanding.

Steve: And how long do we need to wait before we start getting results from that?

Zajc: I think 2009 is when we might see those results.

Steve: That's great, so just another few years and you'll get presumably even closer to the very first moments of the big bang.

Zajc: That's correct and while that's going on and we'll be busy exploring the details of what we are forming at RHIC and mounting new experiments to look with even more precision at the collisions in Brookhaven.

Steve: And RHIC again stands for?

Zajc: Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.

Steve: Great. Dr. Zajc, thanks very much for being with us today.

Zajc: Thank you Steve.

Steve: Zajc's and Riordan's article, "The First Few Microseconds", is available free on our Web site, www.sciam.com.

Want to share some thoughts about the podcast? Let us know what you think by participating in our survey at www.sciam.com/research.

Now it's time to play TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. Here are four science stories, but only three are true. See if you know which story is TOTALL…….Y BOGUS.

Story number 1: Researchers say they can measure a child's stress level by testing the kid's drool.

Story number 2: While driving in Florida a couple of weeks ago, I twice had to avoid hitting iguanas22 running across the road.

Story number 3: A team of paranormal investigators23 has found evidence of a ghost below decks on a ship in Mystic Seaport24 in Connecticut.

And story number 4: Octopi or octopuses—however you prefer—use nerve signals traveling in opposite directions to form virtual elbows in their tentacles27 when necessary.

We'll be back with the answer. But first, 2006 marks Benjamin Franklin's 300th birthday. The politician, diplomat28 and publisher was also a first-grade scientist. Harvard University historian, Joyce Chaplin, has written a new Franklin biography that concentrates on his science. To find out more I called Chaplin at her home in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Steve: Dr. Chaplin thanks for talking to us.

Chaplin: Thank you.

Steve: First the name of the book—The First Scientific American: Benjamin Franklin and the Pursuit of Genius. Let's tell everybody that you are not in anyway affiliated29 with Scientific American;that's just a coincidence with the book titles.

Chaplin: Exactly! Franklin has been called an American so often, and the "First American," that I wanted to remind everyone that the science had something to do with his identity, so it was an independent finding, I swear.

Steve: And why the first scientific American though?

Chaplin: Because science was so important not only to his identity, but to the later career that he had as an American founder30. He really had much more prominence31 and influence as a man of science than he would have otherwise; and certainly he had the most prominent influence of any American of his time because of the work that he had done on science; hence first scientific American.

Steve: April 29th, 250 years ago, Franklin was elected to the Royal Society of London, the most prestigious32 scientific society in the world. So, what earned him that election and why was that such a big deal in everything that happened after that in Franklin's life?

Chaplin: He was elected because of his work on electricity. His experiments and observations on electricity had been published in London, their first edition in 1751. On the basis of that, the Royal Society awarded Franklin its coveted33 Copley Medal, still a very high award, which Franklin received in 1753; and that was followed up with an election, his election to the Royal Society in 1756 and that was an amazing honor. First of all, it was rare for somebody who was from humble34 birth like Franklin to be so elected. Most of the time, this is an honor that went to gentleman who had been born gentleman—that is fairly high up on a social scale. It really did prove that Franklin was self-made as a man of science in a very significant way, so [it was] quite an extraordinary honor and done to recognize Franklin's work on electricity. After that point the honors never stopped. Franklin kept getting elected to other societies. He got honors increased. Nearly every kind of accolade35 was given to him and really on the strength to that as well, he began to get important political positions. He had had some political influence thus far, but nothing like that [what] he got afterwards. Most significantly he became postmaster general for the colonies, a position for which he had really used his network in and out of the Royal Society in London in order to guarantee that he would get that job; and after that point his political influence really increased as well, so in some ways it's that publication of the experiments and observation and then the Royal Society's recognition of that important publication that made Franklin what he was.

Steve: So it's fairly safe to say that without Franklin, the scientist, we don't have Franklin the elder statesman of the American Revolution.

Chaplin: He would never have become famous and influential36 without that work in science and he would never certainly have had the international reputation that would have allowed him to represent the United States in Paris quite [as] successfully.

Steve: You've written extensively about an area of Franklin science that may be as not as well known as the electricity and that's his charting of the Gulf37 Stream. Can you talk about that?

Chaplin: Yes, that was a very interesting and long-lasting episode of Franklin's life. He was fascinated with the sea. He wanted to run away and be a sailor as a boy. And he didn't do that, but he did manage to investigate the ocean really throughout his life.Accommodating with his charting of the Gulf Stream, he and a cousin, Timothy Folger, did the first chart of the Gulf Stream in 1768; and he did, subsequently, two more charts of the Gulf Stream after that. I think their work is very interesting in a way that it shows that science was very embedded38 in politics and public culture at the time. Franklin chartered the Gulf Stream and wrote about it initially39 because he was Postmaster General and he was worried about the time that it took to post the mails—to get back and forth40 across the Atlantic—and the Gulf Stream helped explain why it took longer going from England to the colonies than reverse. So that's a way in which science was very much part of Franklin's political life, his life in public affairs and that's really true all of his science, though I think the work on the oceans makes that immediately apparent in a way that perhaps electrical experiments don't.

Steve: That's really interesting. I had no idea that the marriage of one's political station and the direction of one's science might be connected in that way.

Chaplin: Well! I think that today we think of scientists as being very specialized41 and in some ways cut off from other fields, but in Franklin's day in the 18th century, science was really part of public culture. Scientific demonstrations42 were done in public, a wide array of people took an interest in science; probably the British monarch43 best trained in science ever was George III, adds just to the indication again of the fascination44 that science held for people. Another good example is just where Franklin seemed to have done most of his electrical experiments. He and the other members of the Library Company of Philadelphia who did these experiments seemed to have done them in part of the Pennsylvania State House, now Independent[ce] Hall and that I think is just a wonderful example of how a public building, a government building could be loaned basically as a laboratory in order for people to do science and it shows the way in which science is really not cut off from the rest of public life in a way that obviously it would be now.

Steve: Although we do, do anthrax experiments in the U.S. Capital.

Chaplin: Oh dear! (laughs) I wouldn't want to claim that Franklin's experiments were the ancestor of that.

Steve: (laughs) Right! Right! Dr. … (laughs) almost called you Dr. Franklin. Does that happen a lot? (laughs)

Chaplin: It [does] sometimes—I would say that I can't accept a compliment. (laughs)

Steve: Dr. Chaplin, thank you very much for talking to us today.

Chaplin: Oh! Thank you so much.

Steve: Joyce Chaplin's book about Franklin is called The First Scientific American: Benjamin Franklin and the Pursuit of Genius. We'll be right back

(Male voice: Novartis—committed to making innovative medicines for a world of patients and their families, online at novartis.com

Novartis…. Think what's possible.)

Steve: Now it's time to see which story was TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. Let's review the four stories.

Story number 1: Testing drool can tell you a child's stress level.

Story number 2: Florida roads are lousy with iguanas.

Story number 3: Paranormal investigators found a ghost at Mystic Seaport.

And story number 4: Nerve signals going in opposite directions enable an octopus25 to temporarily form what amounts to a functional45 elbow.

Time is up.

Story number 1 is true. Looks like drool gives away a child's stress level, not the quantity of drool. I always drool more when I am relaxed myself, but now researchers publishing in the April issue of the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships say that levels of the enzyme46 alpha-amylase found in saliva—and thus a[in] drool—give you a measure of the activity of the sympathetic nervous system's fight or flight response and thus of stress.

Story number 2 is true. I personally had to swerve47 twice in Florida couple of weeks ago to avoid hitting a couple of iguanas. One was on an on-ramp to I-95, so I am not sanguine48 about that guy's current condition. People apparently49 have released pet iguanas in Florida by the thousands and they reproduce and they are now everywhere, which is not good for native species. About 10,000 iguanas have overrun the Florida town of Boca Grande; known as <i>no es bueno</i>.

Story number 4 is true. Researchers have learned that an octopus makes a sharp bend in its tentacle26 by contracting muscles based on the collision of one nerve signal sent from the base of the tentacle to the tip and another going in the opposite direction, the elbow comes in handy—sorry—for feeding. You can read David Biello's story about how the octopus does this on our Web site www.sciam.com.

All of which means that story number 3, the one about a team of paranormal investigators finding evidence of a ghost on a boat at Mystic Seaport in Connecticut is of course TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. But members of what is called the Rhode Island Paranormal Research group are trying to determine why various groups of tourists report seeing the same apparition50 below decks on a boat at Mystic Seaport. The apparition is a man wearing 19th-century clothing and smoking a pipe. This type of apparition is technically51 known as an actor and the paranormal activity is a publicity52 stunt53 which I have played into, but hey, Mystic Seaport is nice. You should go there, have a nice time. Radio reports said the paranormal investigators were bringing in sophisticated equipment such as infrared54 cameras; you know, actually with what your average actor gets paid, there is no reason to assume that this guy can stay warm enough to show up on an infrared camera.

Next up, well … me. Last Friday and Saturday, I attended a conference called "Teaching Evolution and the Nature of Science". It was sponsored by the New York Academy of Sciences and took place at John Jay College here in New York City; and as you can probably tell from the title, the conference was aimed at biology teachers who are increasingly under threat all around the country by people who at the least want evolution out of classrooms and sometimes want decidedly nonscientific concepts like intelligent design taught in public school biology classes. Kansas has redefined science entirely55 to include supernatural causation. Anyway there were some excellent lectures by scientists like Brown University's Ken56 Miller, who were giving the teachers more of the factual ammo that they need about evolution; and there were talks by some of the people at the front line like Jennifer Miller (no relation with Ken Miller). I have more about the teaching evolution conference and how you can virtually attend the entire thing in a moment, but first I want to play the interview I did with Jennifer Miller. She is one of the biology teachers at Dover High School in Pennsylvania—ground zero for the latest and very ill-advised attempt to knock off evolution. Quick review: An antievolution school board wanted a statement denigrating57 evolution to be read to biology classes. Miller walked out rather than read the statement, because reading the statement would have violated her professional code of ethics58. Parents who did not want their children exposed to what amounted to religion in a public school science class sued the school board and[in] what became [known as] the famous Kitzmiller case. The defendants59 were the antievolution school board. In the end Judge, John Jones, a conservative, church-going, nonactivist judge issued a scathing60 139-page decision for the parents and between the end of the trial and release of the judge's decision, the antievolution school board was voted out of office and replaced with a pro-science school board. Four of the witnesses in the Dover trial spoke at this conference, including Jennifer Miller. She gave a blow-by-blow account of the entire Dover case. I caught up with her right after the talk. That din9 you hear in the background is a few hundred people attacking the snack table between lectures. That's how you know you are at a real science conference. Anyway, here's Jennifer Miller.

Steve: What general counsel would you give to teachers all across the country for whom this issue can descend61 all of a sudden?

Miller: Be prepared, first of all. You know, go to symposiums, go to conferences where you learn the current state of evolution, the current evidences for evolutions; you can bring that into your classroom. Also be aware of some of the things like intelligent design that are trying to attack evolution so that you are prepared; Because honestly, we weren't prepared in Dover, you know, we didn't know until it came upon us, you know, what was out there. So be prepared, know what you're going to say, stand as a department; you know, if you are questioned about how to design [an] evolution [curriculum], stand as a department and, you know, maybe formulate62 something as a department that you know, you're going to say or your position or whatever; just be prepared for what's out there.

Steve: One of the things you brought up was the importance of taking really good notes on all the meetings that you go to.

Miller: Yes. We learned that very quickly because we were asked in our depositions63 and things, you know, who said what, what meeting were you at; and we learned very quickly that, you know, they all mesh64 together, so we had to document everything. We cut minutes, every piece of paper we got, we put the date on it, you know, when we got it and that kind of things. So we amassed65 piles and piles of notebooks and things of papers.

Steve: What's it like there now? How I[ha]s the whole community sort of responded to what happened?

Miller: I know, from a teacher's standpoint, it's a much more positive environment to be in. Now that the new school board has been elected you know, there is always issues in every school building, you know contract issues and that kind of thing, but as far—I mean, the overall is very positive. The students are just glad that it's over, basically. (laughs) They were tired of being in the news and tired of being singled out; you know, every day they open up the paper and see more about Dover so they are very glad not to be in the news anymore.

Steve: You spoke about something funny that your principal said when you were (laughs) first told that you were all going to have to talk about intelligent design in [at] any rate.

Miller: She had written a letter to [the] assistant superintendent66 saying that our teachers are not qualified67 to teach creationism; they are qualified to teach evolution and science not creationism—we had no training in creationism, so how can we teach that in the classroom?

Steve: What was the response to that?

Miller: We didn't really get a response. (laughs) We just said, you know, we just know the letter was sent, so I don't (laughs), I don't know what the response was.

Steve: And you might not know the answer to this, but I've been trying to check every once in a while to see if perjury68 charges have ever been filed against some of the defendants. You know what's going on with them?

Miller: No, I know there was an investigation69, as far as I knew [knew] there was a investigation by the U.S. attorney, but I, you know, I am saying I haven't heard anything; and talking to some of the lawyers, perjury is one of the hardest things to prosecute70, so where that will all come about, I don't know.

Steve: Because an accusation71 was made from a pretty high source—I mean, Judge Jones in the decision basically says they perjured72 themselves.

Miller: Exactly! Exactly! And then it was so gratifying at that point to know that he believed what we said; you know, I mean, you know, not what some of the board members were saying because they were, you know, opposite of what we were saying. So it was very nice to read the decision and realize that he did believe us (laughs) when we talked.

Steve: What was it like for you guys when you read the actual full Jones decision?

Miller: There was a lot of high fives, lot of hugging going on. It was right in the middle of the day when the decision actually came out.

Steve: But actually reading every word of it must have been transcendent.

Miller: Oh! It was. I, you know, went home and you know read it, you know. If you are worried about ever reading a decision from a judge, and there is lot of legalese, it was wonderfully written, I mean it was 139 pages, but very understandable (laughs). It was great.

Steve: This decision should be in all the anthologies, the best science writing anthologies that come out every year, because the science exposition in the decision is so good.

Miller: Exactly! Exactly! And it was—one of the lawyers told me—that it was lucky that he was the one that had to cross-examine some of the or to examine some of the plainest[plaintiff's] witnesses like Ken Miller, because he didn't have a science background. So, he you know went and asked them questions to make the science experts bring it down to the level of (laughs) sort of the common person, so that even the judge with no science background could understand what we're talking about; and it was obvious that he got it by the decision.

Steve: Yeah! His dissection73 of the statement that was the whole crux74 of the matter, the statement, the pro-intelligent design statement that was to be read in the classrooms, the judge actually spends many pages dissecting75 that statement in the decision and it's really a wonderful thing to read. So, it so clarifies what all the issues were.

Miller: Yeah! Exactly! It takes, you know, takes it apart piece by piece and says why this part, you know, doesn't make any sense and why this part is, so it was great. You couldn't have asked for a more thorough decision.

Steve: Well! Jennifer Miller, thanks very much, I appreciate it.

Miller: No problem. Thank you.

Steve: In Jennifer Miller's talk at the Evolution Education Conference, she told the story about how one of the students of the school had painted an evolution mural and one day it just disappeared from the school. When one of the school board members was asked what happened to it, he responded, "I gleefully watched it burn". So, that gives you a little taste of the kind of thing that these people were up against in Dover. Anyway there are lots of terrific talks at the conference, which was put together by the New York Academy of Sciences. I put up more info about it in on our blog, which you can access at blog.sciam.com, and within a couple of weeks from today, audio and video of all the talks at the conference should be available for downloads. To get the links, just go over to blog.sciam.com and look for the story titled, "Teaching the Science." Also a couple of weeks back, I[o]n the April 12th podcast, we talked about a case in Canada concerning researcher Brian Alters, who was also one of the expert witnesses in the Dover trial. Alters wanted to do a study on whether the intelligent design movement had made any inroads in Canada and he had his grant denied because of the funding agency said he hadn't supplied enough evidence for evolution. Anyway, thanks to a couple of podcast listeners, Jared Spice and Sammy Zahabi. I think Zahabi is a spice, coincidentally. Anyway they wrote in with the news that the funding agency, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council has since clarified its position by issuing a statement that begins: "The theory of evolution is not in doubt, SSHRC," that's the Research Council, "recognizes the theory of evolution as one of the cornerstones of modern science and of our understanding of the world," etc. I put a link to the entire statement up in the same blog entry about the Evolution Education Conference at blog.sciam.com; the entry is called "Teaching the Science".

Interested in the inner workings of the human brain? Scientific American Mind magazine brings you breakthroughs in psychology76, neuroscience and more. For a free preview, visit, www.sciammind.com

Well! that's it for this edition of the Scientific American podcast. Our e-mail address is [email protected]; and also remember that science news is updated daily on the Scientific American Web site, www.sciam.com. For Science Talk, the podcast of Scientific American, I am Steve Mirsky. Thanks for clicking on us. 


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 innovative D6Vxq     
adj.革新的,新颖的,富有革新精神的
参考例句:
  • Discover an innovative way of marketing.发现一个创新的营销方式。
  • He was one of the most creative and innovative engineers of his generation.他是他那代人当中最富创造性与革新精神的工程师之一。
2 physicist oNqx4     
n.物理学家,研究物理学的人
参考例句:
  • He is a physicist of the first rank.他是一流的物理学家。
  • The successful physicist never puts on airs.这位卓有成就的物理学家从不摆架子。
3 physicists 18316b43c980524885c1a898ed1528b1     
物理学家( physicist的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • For many particle physicists, however, it was a year of frustration. 对于许多粒子物理学家来说,这是受挫折的一年。 来自英汉非文学 - 科技
  • Physicists seek rules or patterns to provide a framework. 物理学家寻求用法则或图式来构成一个框架。
4 spoke XryyC     
n.(车轮的)辐条;轮辐;破坏某人的计划;阻挠某人的行动 v.讲,谈(speak的过去式);说;演说;从某种观点来说
参考例句:
  • They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
  • The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。
5 miller ZD6xf     
n.磨坊主
参考例句:
  • Every miller draws water to his own mill.磨坊主都往自己磨里注水。
  • The skilful miller killed millions of lions with his ski.技术娴熟的磨坊主用雪橇杀死了上百万头狮子。
6 phoenix 7Njxf     
n.凤凰,长生(不死)鸟;引申为重生
参考例句:
  • The airline rose like a phoenix from the ashes.这家航空公司又起死回生了。
  • The phoenix worship of China is fetish worship not totem adoration.中国凤崇拜是灵物崇拜而非图腾崇拜。
7 dynamics NuSzQq     
n.力学,动力学,动力,原动力;动态
参考例句:
  • In order to succeed,you must master complicated knowledge of dynamics.要取得胜利,你必须掌握很复杂的动力学知识。
  • Dynamics is a discipline that cannot be mastered without extensive practice.动力学是一门不做大量习题就不能掌握的学科。
8 nuclei tHCxF     
n.核
参考例句:
  • To free electrons, something has to make them whirl fast enough to break away from their nuclei. 为了释放电子,必须使电子高速旋转而足以摆脱原子核的束缚。
  • Energy is released by the fission of atomic nuclei. 能量是由原子核分裂释放出来的。
9 din nuIxs     
n.喧闹声,嘈杂声
参考例句:
  • The bustle and din gradually faded to silence as night advanced.随着夜越来越深,喧闹声逐渐沉寂。
  • They tried to make themselves heard over the din of the crowd.他们力图让自己的声音盖过人群的喧闹声。
10 detector svnxk     
n.发觉者,探测器
参考例句:
  • The detector is housed in a streamlined cylindrical container.探测器安装在流线型圆柱形容器内。
  • Please walk through the metal detector.请走过金属检测器。
11 detectors bff80b364ed19e1821aa038fae38df83     
探测器( detector的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The report advocated that all buildings be fitted with smoke detectors. 报告主张所有的建筑物都应安装烟火探测器。
  • This is heady wine for experimenters using these neutrino detectors. 对于使用中微子探测器的实验工作者,这是令人兴奋的美酒。 来自英汉非文学 - 科技
12 circumference HOszh     
n.圆周,周长,圆周线
参考例句:
  • It's a mile round the circumference of the field.运动场周长一英里。
  • The diameter and the circumference of a circle correlate.圆的直径与圆周有相互关系。
13 chunk Kqwzz     
n.厚片,大块,相当大的部分(数量)
参考例句:
  • They had to be careful of floating chunks of ice.他们必须当心大块浮冰。
  • The company owns a chunk of farmland near Gatwick Airport.该公司拥有盖特威克机场周边的大片农田。
14 vapor DHJy2     
n.蒸汽,雾气
参考例句:
  • The cold wind condenses vapor into rain.冷风使水蒸气凝结成雨。
  • This new machine sometimes transpires a lot of hot vapor.这部机器有时排出大量的热气。
15 prevailing E1ozF     
adj.盛行的;占优势的;主要的
参考例句:
  • She wears a fashionable hair style prevailing in the city.她的发型是这个城市流行的款式。
  • This reflects attitudes and values prevailing in society.这反映了社会上盛行的态度和价值观。
16 hunches 647ac34044ab1e0436cc483db95795b5     
预感,直觉( hunch的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • A technical sergeant hunches in a cubicle. 一位技术军士在一间小屋里弯腰坐着。
  • We often test our hunches on each other. 我们经常互相检验我们的第六感觉。
17 gaseous Hlvy2     
adj.气体的,气态的
参考例句:
  • Air whether in the gaseous or liquid state is a fluid.空气,无论是气态的或是液态的,都是一种流体。
  • Freon exists both in liquid and gaseous states.氟利昂有液态和气态两种形态。
18 swarm dqlyj     
n.(昆虫)等一大群;vi.成群飞舞;蜂拥而入
参考例句:
  • There is a swarm of bees in the tree.这树上有一窝蜜蜂。
  • A swarm of ants are moving busily.一群蚂蚁正在忙碌地搬家。
19 droplets 3c55b5988da2d40be7a87f6b810732d2     
n.小滴( droplet的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Droplets of sweat were welling up on his forehead. 他额头上冒出了滴滴汗珠。 来自辞典例句
  • In constrast, exhaled smoke contains relatively large water droplets and appears white. 相反,从人嘴里呼出的烟则包含相当大的水滴,所以呈白色。 来自辞典例句
20 diffuse Al0zo     
v.扩散;传播;adj.冗长的;四散的,弥漫的
参考例句:
  • Direct light is better for reading than diffuse light.直射光比漫射光更有利于阅读。
  • His talk was so diffuse that I missed his point.他的谈话漫无边际,我抓不住他的要点。
21 stimulating ShBz7A     
adj.有启发性的,能激发人思考的
参考例句:
  • shower gel containing plant extracts that have a stimulating effect on the skin 含有对皮肤有益的植物精华的沐浴凝胶
  • This is a drug for stimulating nerves. 这是一种兴奋剂。
22 iguanas becb3e0ccfa8d9d8482868d87293bcc6     
n. 美洲蜥蜴 名词iguana的复数形式
参考例句:
  • Galapagos land iguanas belong to the genus Conolophus, of which there are currently three recognised species. 加拉帕戈斯陆栖鬣蜥属于鬣蜥属,其中目前得到确认的有三个物种。
  • Feral cats in the region could be eating eggs and young iguanas, Gentile speculates. 这一区域的野猫可能正在吃鬣蜥蛋及其幼崽,金泰尔猜测。
23 investigators e970f9140785518a87fc81641b7c89f7     
n.调查者,审查者( investigator的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • This memo could be the smoking gun that investigators have been looking for. 这份备忘录可能是调查人员一直在寻找的证据。
  • The team consisted of six investigators and two secretaries. 这个团队由六个调查人员和两个秘书组成。 来自《简明英汉词典》
24 seaport rZ3xB     
n.海港,港口,港市
参考例句:
  • Ostend is the most important seaport in Belgium.奥斯坦德是比利时最重要的海港。
  • A seaport where ships can take on supplies of coal.轮船能够补充煤炭的海港。
25 octopus f5EzQ     
n.章鱼
参考例句:
  • He experienced nausea after eating octopus.吃了章鱼后他感到恶心。
  • One octopus has eight tentacles.一条章鱼有八根触角。
26 tentacle nIrz9     
n.触角,触须,触手
参考例句:
  • Each tentacle is about two millimeters long.每一个触手大约两毫米长。
  • It looked like a big eyeball with a long tentacle thing.它看上去像一个有着长触角的巨大眼球。
27 tentacles de6ad1cd521db1ee7397e4ed9f18a212     
n.触手( tentacle的名词复数 );触角;触须;触毛
参考例句:
  • Tentacles of fear closed around her body. 恐惧的阴影笼罩着她。
  • Many molluscs have tentacles. 很多软体动物有触角。 来自《简明英汉词典》
28 diplomat Pu0xk     
n.外交官,外交家;能交际的人,圆滑的人
参考例句:
  • The diplomat threw in a joke, and the tension was instantly relieved.那位外交官插进一个笑话,紧张的气氛顿时缓和下来。
  • He served as a diplomat in Russia before the war.战前他在俄罗斯当外交官。
29 affiliated 78057fb733c9c93ffbdc5f0ed15ef458     
adj. 附属的, 有关连的
参考例句:
  • The hospital is affiliated with the local university. 这家医院附属于当地大学。
  • All affiliated members can vote. 所有隶属成员都有投票权。
30 Founder wigxF     
n.创始者,缔造者
参考例句:
  • He was extolled as the founder of their Florentine school.他被称颂为佛罗伦萨画派的鼻祖。
  • According to the old tradition,Romulus was the founder of Rome.按照古老的传说,罗穆卢斯是古罗马的建国者。
31 prominence a0Mzw     
n.突出;显著;杰出;重要
参考例句:
  • He came to prominence during the World Cup in Italy.他在意大利的世界杯赛中声名鹊起。
  • This young fashion designer is rising to prominence.这位年轻的时装设计师的声望越来越高。
32 prestigious nQ2xn     
adj.有威望的,有声望的,受尊敬的
参考例句:
  • The young man graduated from a prestigious university.这个年轻人毕业于一所名牌大学。
  • You may even join a prestigious magazine as a contributing editor.甚至可能会加入一个知名杂志做编辑。
33 coveted 3debb66491eb049112465dc3389cfdca     
adj.令人垂涎的;垂涎的,梦寐以求的v.贪求,觊觎(covet的过去分词);垂涎;贪图
参考例句:
  • He had long coveted the chance to work with a famous musician. 他一直渴望有机会与著名音乐家一起工作。
  • Ther other boys coveted his new bat. 其他的男孩都想得到他的新球棒。 来自《简明英汉词典》
34 humble ddjzU     
adj.谦卑的,恭顺的;地位低下的;v.降低,贬低
参考例句:
  • In my humble opinion,he will win the election.依我拙见,他将在选举中获胜。
  • Defeat and failure make people humble.挫折与失败会使人谦卑。
35 accolade EyDzB     
n.推崇备至,赞扬
参考例句:
  • Four restaurants have been awarded the highest accolade of a three-star rating.四家餐馆获授予三星级餐馆的最高荣誉称号。
  • The Nobel prize has become the ultimate accolade in the sciences.诺贝尔奖已成为科学界的最高荣誉。
36 influential l7oxK     
adj.有影响的,有权势的
参考例句:
  • He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
  • He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。
37 gulf 1e0xp     
n.海湾;深渊,鸿沟;分歧,隔阂
参考例句:
  • The gulf between the two leaders cannot be bridged.两位领导人之间的鸿沟难以跨越。
  • There is a gulf between the two cities.这两座城市间有个海湾。
38 embedded lt9ztS     
a.扎牢的
参考例句:
  • an operation to remove glass that was embedded in his leg 取出扎入他腿部玻璃的手术
  • He has embedded his name in the minds of millions of people. 他的名字铭刻在数百万人民心中。
39 initially 273xZ     
adv.最初,开始
参考例句:
  • The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
  • Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。
40 forth Hzdz2     
adv.向前;向外,往外
参考例句:
  • The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
  • He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。
41 specialized Chuzwe     
adj.专门的,专业化的
参考例句:
  • There are many specialized agencies in the United Nations.联合国有许多专门机构。
  • These tools are very specialized.这些是专用工具。
42 demonstrations 0922be6a2a3be4bdbebd28c620ab8f2d     
证明( demonstration的名词复数 ); 表明; 表达; 游行示威
参考例句:
  • Lectures will be interspersed with practical demonstrations. 讲课中将不时插入实际示范。
  • The new military government has banned strikes and demonstrations. 新的军人政府禁止罢工和示威活动。
43 monarch l6lzj     
n.帝王,君主,最高统治者
参考例句:
  • The monarch's role is purely ceremonial.君主纯粹是个礼仪职位。
  • I think myself happier now than the greatest monarch upon earth.我觉得这个时候比世界上什么帝王都快乐。
44 fascination FlHxO     
n.令人着迷的事物,魅力,迷恋
参考例句:
  • He had a deep fascination with all forms of transport.他对所有的运输工具都很着迷。
  • His letters have been a source of fascination to a wide audience.广大观众一直迷恋于他的来信。
45 functional 5hMxa     
adj.为实用而设计的,具备功能的,起作用的
参考例句:
  • The telephone was out of order,but is functional now.电话刚才坏了,但现在可以用了。
  • The furniture is not fancy,just functional.这些家具不是摆着好看的,只是为了实用。
46 enzyme cPozF     
n.酵素,酶
参考例句:
  • Above a certain temperature,the enzyme molecule will become unfolded.超过一定温度,酶分子将会展开。
  • An enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots.能溶解血凝块中的纤维的酶。
47 swerve JF5yU     
v.突然转向,背离;n.转向,弯曲,背离
参考例句:
  • Nothing will swerve him from his aims.什么也不能使他改变目标。
  • Her car swerved off the road into a 6ft high brick wall.她的车突然转向冲出了马路,撞向6英尺高的一面砖墙。
48 sanguine dCOzF     
adj.充满希望的,乐观的,血红色的
参考例句:
  • He has a sanguine attitude to life.他对于人生有乐观的看法。
  • He is not very sanguine about our chances of success.他对我们成功的机会不太乐观。
49 apparently tMmyQ     
adv.显然地;表面上,似乎
参考例句:
  • An apparently blind alley leads suddenly into an open space.山穷水尽,豁然开朗。
  • He was apparently much surprised at the news.他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。
50 apparition rM3yR     
n.幽灵,神奇的现象
参考例句:
  • He saw the apparition of his dead wife.他看见了他亡妻的幽灵。
  • But the terror of this new apparition brought me to a stand.这新出现的幽灵吓得我站在那里一动也不敢动。
51 technically wqYwV     
adv.专门地,技术上地
参考例句:
  • Technically it is the most advanced equipment ever.从技术上说,这是最先进的设备。
  • The tomato is technically a fruit,although it is eaten as a vegetable.严格地说,西红柿是一种水果,尽管它是当作蔬菜吃的。
52 publicity ASmxx     
n.众所周知,闻名;宣传,广告
参考例句:
  • The singer star's marriage got a lot of publicity.这位歌星的婚事引起了公众的关注。
  • He dismissed the event as just a publicity gimmick.他不理会这件事,只当它是一种宣传手法。
53 stunt otxwC     
n.惊人表演,绝技,特技;vt.阻碍...发育,妨碍...生长
参考例句:
  • Lack of the right food may stunt growth.缺乏适当的食物会阻碍发育。
  • Right up there is where the big stunt is taking place.那边将会有惊人的表演。
54 infrared dx0yp     
adj./n.红外线(的)
参考例句:
  • Infrared is widely used in industry and medical science.红外线广泛应用于工业和医学科学。
  • Infrared radiation has wavelengths longer than those of visible light.红外辐射的波长比可见光的波长长。
55 entirely entirely     
ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地
参考例句:
  • The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
  • His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。
56 ken k3WxV     
n.视野,知识领域
参考例句:
  • Such things are beyond my ken.我可不懂这些事。
  • Abstract words are beyond the ken of children.抽象的言辞超出小孩所理解的范围.
57 denigrating 25a971a8d1dc6839b44ccb115425d8b1     
v.诋毁,诽谤( denigrate的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • They bristled at his denigrating description of their activities. 听到他在污蔑他们的活动,他们都怒发冲冠。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The KGB pigeonholed his report and reprimanded him for denigrating a brother officer. 克格勃把他的调查报告扔在一边,不闻不问,反而说他往同志脸上抹黑。 来自辞典例句
58 ethics Dt3zbI     
n.伦理学;伦理观,道德标准
参考例句:
  • The ethics of his profession don't permit him to do that.他的职业道德不允许他那样做。
  • Personal ethics and professional ethics sometimes conflict.个人道德和职业道德有时会相互抵触。
59 defendants 7d469c27ef878c3ccf7daf5b6ab392dc     
被告( defendant的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The courts heard that the six defendants had been coerced into making a confession. 法官审判时发现6位被告人曾被迫承认罪行。
  • As in courts, the defendants are represented by legal counsel. 与法院相同,被告有辩护律师作为代表。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
60 scathing 2Dmzu     
adj.(言词、文章)严厉的,尖刻的;不留情的adv.严厉地,尖刻地v.伤害,损害(尤指使之枯萎)( scathe的现在分词)
参考例句:
  • a scathing attack on the new management 针对新的管理层的猛烈抨击
  • Her speech was a scathing indictment of the government's record on crime. 她的演讲强烈指责了政府在犯罪问题上的表现。 来自《简明英汉词典》
61 descend descend     
vt./vi.传下来,下来,下降
参考例句:
  • I hope the grace of God would descend on me.我期望上帝的恩惠。
  • We're not going to descend to such methods.我们不会沦落到使用这种手段。
62 formulate L66yt     
v.用公式表示;规划;设计;系统地阐述
参考例句:
  • He took care to formulate his reply very clearly.他字斟句酌,清楚地做了回答。
  • I was impressed by the way he could formulate his ideas.他陈述观点的方式让我印象深刻。
63 depositions 501b5f2c22877a7ee308222b01cb47b5     
沉积(物)( deposition的名词复数 ); (在法庭上的)宣誓作证; 处置; 罢免
参考例句:
  • The safety problems are more severe for low-pressure depositions because the processes often use concentrated gases. 对于低压淀积来说安全性问题更为突出,因为这种工艺通常使用高浓度的气体。
  • The chief method is to take depositions of parties and witnesses. 主要的方法是录取当事人和证人的宣誓证言。 来自口语例句
64 mesh cC1xJ     
n.网孔,网丝,陷阱;vt.以网捕捉,啮合,匹配;vi.适合; [计算机]网络
参考例句:
  • Their characters just don't mesh.他们的性格就是合不来。
  • This is the net having half inch mesh.这是有半英寸网眼的网。
65 amassed 4047ea1217d3f59ca732ca258d907379     
v.积累,积聚( amass的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • He amassed a fortune from silver mining. 他靠开采银矿积累了一笔财富。
  • They have amassed a fortune in just a few years. 他们在几年的时间里就聚集了一笔财富。 来自《简明英汉词典》
66 superintendent vsTwV     
n.监督人,主管,总监;(英国)警务长
参考例句:
  • He was soon promoted to the post of superintendent of Foreign Trade.他很快就被擢升为对外贸易总监。
  • He decided to call the superintendent of the building.他决定给楼房管理员打电话。
67 qualified DCPyj     
adj.合格的,有资格的,胜任的,有限制的
参考例句:
  • He is qualified as a complete man of letters.他有资格当真正的文学家。
  • We must note that we still lack qualified specialists.我们必须看到我们还缺乏有资质的专家。
68 perjury LMmx0     
n.伪证;伪证罪
参考例句:
  • You'll be punished if you procure the witness to commit perjury.如果你诱使证人作伪证,你要受罚的。
  • She appeared in court on a perjury charge.她因被指控做了伪证而出庭受审。
69 investigation MRKzq     
n.调查,调查研究
参考例句:
  • In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
  • He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。
70 prosecute d0Mzn     
vt.告发;进行;vi.告发,起诉,作检察官
参考例句:
  • I am trying my best to prosecute my duties.我正在尽力履行我的职责。
  • Is there enough evidence to prosecute?有没有起诉的足够证据?
71 accusation GJpyf     
n.控告,指责,谴责
参考例句:
  • I was furious at his making such an accusation.我对他的这种责备非常气愤。
  • She knew that no one would believe her accusation.她知道没人会相信她的指控。
72 perjured 94372bfd9eb0d6d06f4d52e08a0ca7e8     
adj.伪证的,犯伪证罪的v.发假誓,作伪证( perjure的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The witness perjured himself. 证人作了伪证。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • Witnesses lied and perjured themselves. 证人撒谎作伪证。 来自辞典例句
73 dissection XtTxQ     
n.分析;解剖
参考例句:
  • A dissection of your argument shows several inconsistencies.对你论点作仔细分析后发现一些前后矛盾之处。
  • Researchers need a growing supply of corpses for dissection.研究人员需要更多的供解剖用的尸体。
74 crux 8ydxw     
adj.十字形;难事,关键,最重要点
参考例句:
  • The crux of the matter is how to comprehensively treat this trend.问题的关键是如何全面地看待这种趋势。
  • The crux of the matter is that attitudes have changed.问题的要害是人们的态度转变了。
75 dissecting 53b66bea703a0d1b805dfcd0804dd1b3     
v.解剖(动物等)( dissect的现在分词 );仔细分析或研究
参考例句:
  • Another group was dissecting a new film showing locally. 另外一批人正在剖析城里上演的一部新电影。 来自辞典例句
  • Probe into Dissecting Refraction Method Statics Processing under Complicated Surface Conditions. 不同地表条件下土壤侵蚀的坡度效应。 来自互联网
76 psychology U0Wze     
n.心理,心理学,心理状态
参考例句:
  • She has a background in child psychology.她受过儿童心理学的教育。
  • He studied philosophy and psychology at Cambridge.他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学。

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