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科学美国人60秒 SSS The Environment: birds; strategic conservation; big cats.

时间:2017-06-20 08:17:19

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(单词翻译)

Male voice: Novartis—committed to making innovative1 medicines for a world of patients and their families, online at novartis.com

Novartis…. Think what's possible.

Steve: Welcome to Science Talk, the podcast of Scientific American for the seven days starting May 10th. I am Steve Mirsky. On this week's podcast, we're going talk about conservation. The U.S. Senate has designated May of 11th as Endangered Species Day. For a lot of senators that might mean eating them, I don't know, but in keeping with that theme, last week I attended a conference at the American Museum of Natural History here in New York City, called "Conserving2 Birds in Human-Dominated Landscapes". I spoke3 with a couple of the presenters5 there, Andrew Balmford and Rex Johnson, and we'll hear from them. And this past week, I had a chance to talk to Alan Rabinowitz, one of the great big cat researchers and conservation specialists and we'll play that interview. Plus, we'll test your knowledge about some recent science in the news.

First up, Andrew Balmford from the Zoology6 Department at the University of Cambridge. In 2003 Scientific American magazine named Balmford one of the top 50 Science Leaders for his work studying the economics of habitat preservation7. I spoke with him after his talk at the museum.

Steve: Andrew thanks so much for talking with us today.

Andrew: It's a pleasure.

Steve: Your talk was basically about the state of the world's birds. How are birds doing?

Andrew: While [Well,] in general, the news isn't good. In general birds aren't doing very well and that's evidenced in a variety of different ways. If you look at extinction8 rates or threat rates, those are generally on the rise. So in that sense we should be worried and we should also be worried in terms of the level of populations too. Most bird populations that are monitored around the world are in decline, but it's not a completely negative picture. There are also some species that are doing somewhat better.

Steve: Which species in particular are doing okay right now?

Andrew: So they probably fall into two main groups. One are highly threatened species, some of which should be in the subjects of intensive hands-on recovery plans, and some of those are responding quite well to active human intervention9 to help them out; and there are few encouraging examples of that around the world. And in the another group there are a bunch of birds which you can think of as being opportunistic and which are able of finding new ways of making a living for themselves in human-dominated landscapes all by themselves and some of those are on the increase as well.

Steve: What species specifically were you talking about there?

Andrew: A range of different species; quite often alien invasives as we call and [any] creatures from other countries or other systems that find themselves in certain human dominated landscapes here in New York—of which, the starlings and house sparrows are doing very well. Ironically, both those species aren't doing very well in the wild where they came from back in Britain. So there are some creatures like that. There is also some native species that learn new tricks and one of those for example in Britain is the wood pigeon, which up until recently, was a declining bird in our countryside, but which has learned a few new tricks in the last few years which is helping10 it to increase its numbers. In particular it has learned to feed on the oilseed rape11 which is a relatively12 new crop grown in Britain, so it is moving out from the woodlands into the fields and doing relatively well there.

Steve: What had it been its primary food?

Andrew: Well they fed on the fruits and so in woodlands, but it has moved out from woodlands into fields and is doing quite well on new crops; and then it is also moving into towns and cities where it's becoming as common almost as road pigeons—that traditional dove of towns and cities—where it's managed to learn the trick of feeding on the leftovers13 of the revelers the night before.

Steve: (laughs) Revelers the night before. Various foodstuffs14 left out on the street.

Andrew: That's right! Where then those would seem maybe to be only increased in certain parts of Britain.

Steve: Those foodstuffs may have been predigested.

Andrew: Yes, that could be the case. (laughs)

Steve: People who live in big cities may see thousands of birds on any given day, but they might all be the same bird, they might all be pigeons or they might all be house sparrows, or starlings. Why is it not necessarily a good thing just because you happened to see some birds in large numbers?

Andrew: That's because the variety matters and also diversity matters ecologically; and it also matters to us people, so although we might enjoy seeing large numbers of pigeons or starlings or whatever we may often ourselves enjoy seeing a variety much more and that's probably a sign that systems are in better shape as a result.

Steve: The biodiversity is itself a sign of the health of the system?

Andrew: It's not quite as simple as that. In that you can increase biodiversity artificially by having more alien invaders15 in a system for example, am [and end up] losing out some of the things that may be particularly special to an area; so in some ways having a diverse system by itself isn't necessarily a good thing, but it's not a bad rule of thumb perhaps. It was a point made in this meeting which was an extremely interesting one. The question was raised as to whether we should, as conservationists, be concerned always about having rich biodiverse systems or not. In wild habitats that's probably not the case; very often we should be most concerned about having the species that should be there, whether that is a rich assemblage or not. But the point was made that in urban assemblages, maybe the rich communities are good because they present people who are softer, very nice people, are with a wide variety of nature; and that's very important perhaps for increasing the enthusiasm, their interest in nature. And the fundamental point, of course, being that if people aren't enthusiastic about nature—most people live in towns; that's where they're going to encounter it—then there may be less interest in conserving it, not just in towns, but [a] bit further afield. Get out into nature, get out yourself. Go and see things, enjoy them, learn about them and the more you learn, the more you will enjoy them. And then once you are doing that, go and take a friend or a child out into nature too, because, as they say, if we don't know about things, then we won't care about [them] and then things won't improve.

Steve: How many species did you see in Central Park earlier today? I know you went out for a little while.

Andrew: (laughs) I guess we saw about 25 species. The fun thing was that seeing some species which are a real problem in the U.K., like grace girls here in their native habitat; and then some species which are in trouble—native species in the (laughs) U.K. which are in trouble—like house sparrows and starlings [that] do very well in Central Park.

Steve: Great to talk to you, thanks very much.

Andrew: Thank you very much, Steve.

Steve: The Web site of the American Museum of the Natural History is www.amnh.org. We'll be right back.

(Want to share some thoughts about the podcast? Let us know what you think by participating in our survey at www.sciam.com/research.)

Now it's time to play TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. Here are four science stories, but only three are true. See if you know which story is TOTALL…….Y BOGUS.

Story number 1: The New York Times reports that the Bush administration is seeking to develop a powerful, ground-based laser weapon that would use beams of concentrated light to destroy enemies’ satellites in orbit.

Story number 2: A cat named Sneakers was found in Sacramento ten years after it was lost in Seattle, when somebody scanned the cat and found an implanted microchip with the owner's information.

Story number 3: A Vatican astronomer16 says that the physical evidence convinces him that the world was created in six days.

Story number 4: King Tut has been reunited with his mummified penis, which was reported missing in 1968.

We'll be back with the answer, but first, another presenter4 at the bird conference was Rex Johnson of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. He is the leader of the Habitat and Population Evaluation17 Team of the Services Division of Bird Habitat Conservation. We didn't get a chance to talk at the meeting, so I gave him a call later at his office in Fergus Falls, Minnesota.

Steve: Dr. Johnson thanks for talking to us today.

Johnson: Steve, it's pleasure to be with you.

Steve: I heard you talked at the Museum of Natural History here in New York last week the American museum of natural history, let me get that right. You seem to be saying things I haven't heard anywhere else about a more strategic approach to habitat conservation: You actually called it a corporate18 approach. Can you talk about that?

Johnson: I'll be happy to, Steve. We're going to be expending19 more of our resources developing conservation strategies. We tell managers in any agency—not just the Fish and Wildlife Service—where they can get the biggest impact, the biggest benefit from migratory20 birds at the lowest cost to their management agency and to society. And we're going to be focusing on building multidisciplinary partnerships21 that go beyond these biologists to include all of the other disciplines that shape the landscape—world sociology, economics and hydrologists. All of those people have something to contribute to the process of conservation, because conservation first and foremost is figuring out how we can keep humans and wildlife on the landscape in a sustainable fashion.

Steve: At the talk that I heard you gave [give] last week, you specifically mentioned being more effective and more efficient. You want to talk in specifics—any cases that you can bring up that illustrate22 those concepts?

Johnson: When I talk about efficiency, what I am talking about is getting the biggest population response for the least amount of money or the least amount of acres of habitat; because acres translate into dollars in the conservation world. We will take models that relate a species of migratory bird to its habitat and we'll apply that to data using what's called a geographic23 information system. And we'll identify areas that have greater or lesser24 potential to affect populations. Obviously the areas that have the greatest potential to affect populations are the same areas where we would like to be doing management if we have willing landowners, people who are willing to work with us in those landscapes. The difference of conservation efficiency between a high-efficiency landscape and a low-efficiency landscape can be as much as four, six, ten to one. So we're going to be much more efficient in the way we spend taxpayer25 dollars if we [are]were strategic in our approach to conservation—which means identifying what those hotspots are, reaching out to the landowners that are working in those hotspots, mark in our programs for them; that's what I mean by strategic approach to conservation.

Steve: And it seems fairly straightforward26. I mean if you were in advertising27, you'd want to put the ads where the largest number of people can see them, and this seem[s] like the same kind of concept.

Johnson: Exactly the same concept; and in fact one of the things that we need to do a better job of is marketing28 our conservation programs. It's amazing to me, living here in the Midwest, been[being] surrounded by farmers, how many farmers are unaware29 of conservation programs that could really make their operations much more cost effective.

Steve: How could they take advantage of conservation [to] actually save money?

Johnson: Well, one of the ways that we routinely work with landowners to help them being more profitable is we help them retire their most marginal agricultural land—the land that takes a lot of input30 on an annual basis in terms of fertilizer and fuel and seed—and retire that to perennial31 cover, such as grasslands32 or woodlands or wetlands. The result is that they have lower input, but because there are government subsidies33 for the restoration of those perennial habitats, they make money off of those marginal lands anyway. What the public gets from that is we get cleaner water, we get less flood damage, we get higher wildlife populations and a whole host of other environmental functions that we don't routinely think of as legitimate34 business goods and services, but they are, and it's reasonable for us to think about compensating35 landowners for providing those goods and services.

Steve: I think a lot of people may still, when they think about the fish and wildlife services—if they do at all—they make think of it as the place you go for your hunting or fishing licenses36.

Johnson: Well let's be clear right [up]at front Steve. You go to the state agencies for your hunting and fishing licenses, you come to the fish and wildlife services for a migratory bird hunting stamp, the duck stamp, that's all we sell.

Steve: Which I own by the way; I've been buying them every year for about 10 years.

Johnson: And I would encourage every one of your listeners to go out and do the same thing because that is the primary source of funding the Fish and Wildlife Service has for the conservation of habitat.

Steve: Let me talk about that for a minute. For 15 dollars everybody, you get a duck stamp, which allows you to get into every single national wildlife refuge in the country for the entire year, for free at that point. It's incredibly cost effective if you are a user of the refuges.

Johnson: And the duck stamp money which goes into a fund—we call them migratory bird conservation fund[s]—is the only really reliable source of funding that the Fish and Wildlife Service has for land acquisition through our national wildlife refuge system. So we are very interested in as many people as possible purchasing that duck stamp. It is by the way matched almost dollar for dollar for import taxes on firearms and ammunition37 in the past of course. Therefore, it's obvious that hunters have sponsored most of the land acquisitions in the National Wildlife Refuge System. We're all environmentalists, anybody who cares about wildlife, fish, healthy ecosystems38 for whatever reason, whatever their motivation—we're all environmentalists, we all have a common stake.

Steve: Dr. Johnson, thank you very much. It was a pleasure to talk to you today.

Johnson: Steve, it's been a pleasure talking to you.

Steve: For more info on buying 15 dollar duck stamps go to the Fish and Wildlife Services duck stamp site, www.fws—for Fish and Wildlife Service—.gov/duckstamps.

We'll be right back.

Male voice: Novartis—committed to making innovative medicines for a world of patients and their families, online at novartis.com Novartis…. Think what's possible.

Steve: Now it's time to see which story was TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. Let's review the four stories.

Story number 1: The Bush administration wants to create satellite-destroying lasers.

Story number 2: A cat found after ten years through implanted microchip.

Story number 3: A Vatican astronomer says the world was made in six days.

Story number 4: King Tut's penis found.

Time's up.

Story number 1 is true. The Times reports that the administration does want to create lasers to kill satellites. According to The Times, the largely secret project, [parts]hearts of which have been made public through Air Force budget documents submitted to congress in February, is part of a wide-ranging effort to develop space weapons, both defensive39 and offensive.

Male voice: Using these lasers we punch a hole in the protected layer around the world.

Story number 2 is true. Sneakers the cat was found ten years after she disappeared one day through her implanted microchip, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer paper reports. If you want to know what she has been up to, you just have to remain curious.

Male voice: And when Dr. Evil gets angry, Mr. Bigglesworth gets upset. (cat purring)

Story number 4 is true. A CAT scan revealed that King Tut's penis, which had become separated from his body at some point, was lying loose in the sand right near to where it belonged. The British paper The Guardian40 headlined the story "Tut Re-Membered"

Male voice: Somebody play a prank41 on me. Honestly, it's not mine.

All of which means that story number 3, about the Vatican astronomer saying the world was made in six days, is TOTALL…….Y BOGUS. What is true, however, is that [the] Vatican astronomer, Brother Guy Consolmagno, was quoted in the Scottish paper, The Scotsman, as saying that the belief in a six-day creation was actually a form of superstitious42 paganism. The brother also said "knowledge is dangerous, but so is ignorance"—and as for papal infallibility, Brother Guy said that it doesn't mean that the Pope has "magic power"; it means that "somebody has got to be the boss, the final authority."

Male voice: And the boss needs the info.

Steve: Next up Alan Rabinowitz, one of the world's great cat experts. I ran into him last Saturday at a ceremony dedicating the John Baylor Memorial Biodiversity Reserve Area in Westchester, New York. John was the curator of the reptiles43 at the Bronx Zoo and a great guy. Rabinowitz is the director of the science and exploration for the Wildlife Conservation Society and concentrates on cats. I had a small voice recorder with me, so I asked him what he was up to.

Alan: Setting up the world's largest tiger reserve in Northern Myanmar; it's called the Hukuang Valley Tiger Reserve— it's almost 9,000 square miles, the size of [the] state of Oman. It's taken me ten years to get it established. It is now established. The government is on board, the local people [are] on board. Myanmar is a very difficult country to be working in because I have to balance dictators with insurgents44 with completely remote tribal45 ethnic46 groups, but it's working. The other big endeavor I am working on, which is even bigger than that, is setting up a jaguar47 corridor from Mexico to Argentina. We have learnt recently within the last couple of years that a genetic48 corridor already exists. In other words, the DNA49 of jaguar—sampling jaguars50 throughout their range from Mexico to Argentina—is showing us, that contrary to what we were thinking, somehow every few generations at least one jaguar seems to be moving between what seemed to be disjunct, fragmented populations. They are getting through the human landscape, citrus groves51, rubber plantations52, cattle ranches53, backyard vegetable gardens. They could use those areas; and all you need is one jaguar every approximately hundred years to get between populations—a young dispersing54 male, who's got to find his own area—and you maintain genetic stability between populations.

Steve: You get genetic mixing so that you don't have any bottle necks?

Alan: You get them off genetic mixing. The number one cause of extinction is too much inbreeding; [it']s genetic fragmentation, loss of genetic diversity that's the number [one] cause of extinction. So if we could maintain, if you could somehow maintain genetic mixing, then you're essentially55 doing the most you can do to save a species. And what we learnt is that this already is happening without our realizing it. We're coming into a[it] kind of backwards56 to where we are actually now trying to find these corridors. So through GIS and through mapping we have actually mapped out what the likely jaguar corridors are which they are using between populations from Mexico to Argentina.

Steve: Because if you can find the ones that already exist, you don't have to set new ones up to accomplish what you want these already to be doing.

Alan: Exactly! And it's a hugely powerful instrument with the governments. It's one thing saying, save that as a protected area, it's got tons of jaguars. That's easy. Well it's not easy, but it's doable. It's different now, and in some ways it's not as hard as that; actually saying, look, jaguars are moving from that big, beautiful park you got in the north to that big beautiful park you got in the south. We're not asking you to set up any new protected areas. What we're asking you to do is protect this jaguar corridor by keeping [it] intact, which will help the local people and local economists57 keeping intact current land-use practices. Another way is don't build in that area, don't build an industrial par[k]t, don't build the four-lane highway, don't allow a complete, huge agricultural endeavor that clear-cuts the whole area and wipes it out. Let the local people do what they're doing, let us help them. We could even help them do it better and further, but let the local populace do their current land-use practices; and now remains58 a jaguar corridor and they can't kill the jaguar. The tourism potential is phenomenal because then what you have is the possibility of different countries throughout a region having a kind of a jaguar [Appalachian] appellation59 Trail, where people can actually be walking through beautiful forests and then get out into someone's field, walk through a cattle pasture and you're on the jaguar trail. You're on the jaguar corridor. I mean, it's a neat thing.

Steve: Let me ask you one other quick question. How does a kid from Brooklyn come out as the world's big cat experts, and I mean big in both senses.

Alan: Yeah! Well I never, sort of, saw a cattle until I went to college in Maryland. I actually never saw a cow in a field.

Steve: Well, you sure know [knew] what a cow was, right?

Alan: But the reason I became attracted to animals, and I knew that this was what I wanted to be doing, was because as a young child, I studied very, very badly. So badly that at that time in the New York City School System they put me into classes for retarded60 children, for disturbed children. Because back at that time, they didn't know what ADD was, or dyslexia was; we were all put in those …

Steve: Right!

Alan: … classes for disturbed children. So I grew up my entire childhood through public schools, realizing that the outside world of human beings believed I was not one of them, I was not normal; but one thing a starter [stutterer]—two things a [starter stutterer can do, and not starter [stutter], one is saying …

Steve: Right!

Alan: … like not tell us, or they can talk to animals. I used to come home every single day after being in a class for disturbed children—where I just will[would] stop talking at all because I knew I wasn't disturbed—and I would talk to my little pets, chameleons61, hamsters, snakes, garter snakes; and I bonded62 with animals; and I swore to them—I mean, they're the ones who I told them my dreams to and my hopes and they are the ones who I promised that if I have ever got my voice back—which I didn't think I would at the time—that I would try to help them get their voice, because that voice is the barrier, that was my barrier with human beings.

Steve: Oh. And then why cats specifically?

Alan: Cats specifically, not because I have some huge affinity63 towards them—because in fact I am allergic64 to cats (laughs), but they are the top predator65. They are the top. If I can save, if I can—because governments will save their big cats; no government, no politician wants to be the president or administrator66 who lost their tigers, who lost their jaguars, lost their lions and they all feel that these are important parts of each country's culture—if I can save lions, tigers, jaguars, leopards67, cheetahs68, you are saving most of the large global ecosystems of the world with everything else that goes in it. I am not trying to save cats. I am trying to save wild lands with everything inside of it; that goes with it from the ants to the butterflies and to the big cats. But you don't save it by saying you've got to protect this because it has got great diversity of ants, you save it by saying you want to save tigers in Burma, this is the place to do it; but that 9,000 square miles has elephants and clouded leopards or wild dogs and incredible butterflies and incredible orchids69 and new bamboo species— and newer thought it's got everything, but that's not what I use. I use the big cats.

Steve: Sounds like he found his voice. The Wildlife Conservation Society is at www.wcs.org. One of the other speakers at the dedication70 of the John Baylor area remembered his first meeting with John. Baylor at the time was in the field putting radio transmitters on turtles.

Male voice: I happened to be walking in the back and I saw this guy standing71 on the dark; and I was curious because he was putting this device on the back of a turtle and then he lets the turtle go and immediately thereafter, before the turtle could disappear, I see him pick up this device and pull up this antennae72. I said, my God, he is going blow up the turtle, (laughing sounds from a crowd) and I honestly believed that (laughing sounds from a crowd). I honestly believed John is to going blow up that turtle. (laughing sounds from a crowd). I started running to him, you know (laughing sounds from a crowd) and (laughs) shortly thereafter, John gave me a full education (laughing sounds from a crowd) about what he did in this park, and I should mind my own business. (laughing sounds from a crowd)

Steve: We'll be right back.

Enjoy a free preview issue of Scientific American magazine, plus a gift. Visit www.sciam.com today.

Well that's it for this edition of the Scientific American podcast. Our e-mail address is [email protected]; and also remember that science news is updated daily on the Scientific American Web site, www.sciam.com. For Science Talk, the podcast of Scientific American, I am Steve Mirsky. Thanks for clicking on us.

Male voice: I like animals, maybe I feel that

An evil bat

No may be like working a petting zoo

An evil petting zoo

You always do that


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 innovative D6Vxq     
adj.革新的,新颖的,富有革新精神的
参考例句:
  • Discover an innovative way of marketing.发现一个创新的营销方式。
  • He was one of the most creative and innovative engineers of his generation.他是他那代人当中最富创造性与革新精神的工程师之一。
2 conserving b57084daff81d3ab06526e08a5a6ecc3     
v.保护,保藏,保存( conserve的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • Contour planning with or without terracing is effective in conserving both soil and moisture. 顺等高线栽植,无论做或不做梯田对于保持水土都能有效。 来自辞典例句
  • Economic savings, consistent with a conserving society and the public philosophy. 经济节约,符合创建节约型社会的公共理念。 来自互联网
3 spoke XryyC     
n.(车轮的)辐条;轮辐;破坏某人的计划;阻挠某人的行动 v.讲,谈(speak的过去式);说;演说;从某种观点来说
参考例句:
  • They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
  • The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。
4 presenter llRzYi     
n.(电视、广播的)主持人,赠与者
参考例句:
  • Most people think being a television presenter is exciting.很多人认为当电视节目主持人是一件刺激的事情。
  • The programme dispensed with its most popular presenter.这个节目最受欢迎的主持人被换掉了。
5 presenters ef0c9d839d1b89c7a5042cf2bfba92e0     
n.节目主持人,演播员( presenter的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Each week presenters would put the case for their favourite candidate. 每个星期主持人推出他们最喜欢的候选人。 来自互联网
  • Karaoke was set up to allowed presenters to sing on the stage. 宴会设有歌唱舞台,可让出席者大演唱功。 来自互联网
6 zoology efJwZ     
n.动物学,生态
参考例句:
  • I would like to brush up my zoology.我想重新温习一下动物学。
  • The library didn't stock zoology textbooks.这家图书馆没有动物学教科书。
7 preservation glnzYU     
n.保护,维护,保存,保留,保持
参考例句:
  • The police are responsible for the preservation of law and order.警察负责维持法律与秩序。
  • The picture is in an excellent state of preservation.这幅画保存得极为完好。
8 extinction sPwzP     
n.熄灭,消亡,消灭,灭绝,绝种
参考例句:
  • The plant is now in danger of extinction.这种植物现在有绝种的危险。
  • The island's way of life is doomed to extinction.这个岛上的生活方式注定要消失。
9 intervention e5sxZ     
n.介入,干涉,干预
参考例句:
  • The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
  • Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。
10 helping 2rGzDc     
n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的,辅助的
参考例句:
  • The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
  • By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。
11 rape PAQzh     
n.抢夺,掠夺,强奸;vt.掠夺,抢夺,强奸
参考例句:
  • The rape of the countryside had a profound ravage on them.对乡村的掠夺给他们造成严重创伤。
  • He was brought to court and charged with rape.他被带到法庭并被指控犯有强奸罪。
12 relatively bkqzS3     
adv.比较...地,相对地
参考例句:
  • The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
  • The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
13 leftovers AprzGJ     
n.剩余物,残留物,剩菜
参考例句:
  • He can do miracles with a few kitchen leftovers.他能用厨房里几样剩饭做出一顿美餐。
  • She made supper from leftovers she had thrown together.她用吃剩的食物拼凑成一顿晚饭。
14 foodstuffs 574623767492eb55a85c5be0d7d719e7     
食物,食品( foodstuff的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Imports of foodstuffs accounted for a small proportion of total imports. 食物进口仅占总进口额的一小部份。
  • Many basic foodstuffs, such as bread and milk, are tax-free. 许多基本食物如牛奶和面包是免税的。
15 invaders 5f4b502b53eb551c767b8cce3965af9f     
入侵者,侵略者,侵入物( invader的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • They prepared to repel the invaders. 他们准备赶走侵略军。
  • The family has traced its ancestry to the Norman invaders. 这个家族将自己的世系追溯到诺曼征服者。
16 astronomer DOEyh     
n.天文学家
参考例句:
  • A new star attracted the notice of the astronomer.新发现的一颗星引起了那位天文学家的注意。
  • He is reputed to have been a good astronomer.他以一个优秀的天文学者闻名于世。
17 evaluation onFxd     
n.估价,评价;赋值
参考例句:
  • I attempted an honest evaluation of my own life.我试图如实地评价我自己的一生。
  • The new scheme is still under evaluation.新方案还在评估阶段。
18 corporate 7olzl     
adj.共同的,全体的;公司的,企业的
参考例句:
  • This is our corporate responsibility.这是我们共同的责任。
  • His corporate's life will be as short as a rabbit's tail.他的公司的寿命是兔子尾巴长不了。
19 expending 2bc25f0be219ef94a9ff43e600aae5eb     
v.花费( expend的现在分词 );使用(钱等)做某事;用光;耗尽
参考例句:
  • The heart pumps by expending and contracting of muscle. 心脏通过收缩肌肉抽取和放出(血液)。 来自互联网
  • Criminal action is an action of expending cost and then producing profit. 刑事诉讼是一种需要支付成本、能够产生收益的活动。 来自互联网
20 migratory jwQyB     
n.候鸟,迁移
参考例句:
  • Many migratory birds visit this lake annually.许多候鸟每年到这个湖上作短期逗留。
  • This does not negate the idea of migratory aptitude.这并没有否定迁移能力这一概念。
21 partnerships ce2e6aff420d72bbf56e8077be344bc9     
n.伙伴关系( partnership的名词复数 );合伙人身份;合作关系
参考例句:
  • Partnerships suffer another major disadvantage: decision-making is shared. 合伙企业的另一主要缺点是决定要由大家来作。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
  • It involved selling off limited partnerships. 它涉及到售出有限的合伙权。 来自辞典例句
22 illustrate IaRxw     
v.举例说明,阐明;图解,加插图
参考例句:
  • The company's bank statements illustrate its success.这家公司的银行报表说明了它的成功。
  • This diagram will illustrate what I mean.这个图表可说明我的意思。
23 geographic tgsxb     
adj.地理学的,地理的
参考例句:
  • The city's success owes much to its geographic position. 这座城市的成功很大程度上归功于它的地理位置。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Environmental problems pay no heed to these geographic lines. 环境问题并不理会这些地理界限。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
24 lesser UpxzJL     
adj.次要的,较小的;adv.较小地,较少地
参考例句:
  • Kept some of the lesser players out.不让那些次要的球员参加联赛。
  • She has also been affected,but to a lesser degree.她也受到波及,但程度较轻。
25 taxpayer ig5zjJ     
n.纳税人
参考例句:
  • The new scheme will run off with a lot of the taxpayer's money.这项新计划将用去纳税人许多钱。
  • The taxpayer are unfavourably disposed towards the recent tax increase.纳税者对最近的增加税收十分反感。
26 straightforward fFfyA     
adj.正直的,坦率的;易懂的,简单的
参考例句:
  • A straightforward talk is better than a flowery speech.巧言不如直说。
  • I must insist on your giving me a straightforward answer.我一定要你给我一个直截了当的回答。
27 advertising 1zjzi3     
n.广告业;广告活动 a.广告的;广告业务的
参考例句:
  • Can you give me any advice on getting into advertising? 你能指点我如何涉足广告业吗?
  • The advertising campaign is aimed primarily at young people. 这个广告宣传运动主要是针对年轻人的。
28 marketing Boez7e     
n.行销,在市场的买卖,买东西
参考例句:
  • They are developing marketing network.他们正在发展销售网络。
  • He often goes marketing.他经常去市场做生意。
29 unaware Pl6w0     
a.不知道的,未意识到的
参考例句:
  • They were unaware that war was near. 他们不知道战争即将爆发。
  • I was unaware of the man's presence. 我没有察觉到那人在场。
30 input X6lxm     
n.输入(物);投入;vt.把(数据等)输入计算机
参考例句:
  • I will forever be grateful for his considerable input.我将永远感激他的大量投入。
  • All this information had to be input onto the computer.所有这些信息都必须输入计算机。
31 perennial i3bz7     
adj.终年的;长久的
参考例句:
  • I wonder at her perennial youthfulness.我对她青春常驻感到惊讶。
  • There's a perennial shortage of teachers with science qualifications.有理科教学资格的老师一直都很短缺。
32 grasslands 72179cad53224d2f605476ff67a1d94c     
n.草原,牧场( grassland的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Songs were heard ringing loud and clear over the grasslands. 草原上扬起清亮激越的歌声。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • Grasslands have been broken and planted to wheat. 草原已经开垦出来,种上了小麦。 来自《简明英汉词典》
33 subsidies 84c7dc8329c19e43d3437248757e572c     
n.补贴,津贴,补助金( subsidy的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • European agriculture ministers failed to break the deadlock over farm subsidies. 欧洲各国农业部长在农业补贴问题上未能打破僵局。
  • Agricultural subsidies absorb about half the EU's income. 农业补贴占去了欧盟收入的大约一半。 来自《简明英汉词典》
34 legitimate L9ZzJ     
adj.合法的,合理的,合乎逻辑的;v.使合法
参考例句:
  • Sickness is a legitimate reason for asking for leave.生病是请假的一个正当的理由。
  • That's a perfectly legitimate fear.怀有这种恐惧完全在情理之中。
35 compensating 281cd98e12675fdbc2f2886a47f37ed0     
补偿,补助,修正
参考例句:
  • I am able to set up compensating networks of nerve connections. 我能建立起补偿性的神经联系网。
  • It is desirable that compensating cables be run in earthed conduit. 补偿导线最好在地下管道中穿过。
36 licenses 9d2fccd1fa9364fe38442db17bb0cb15     
n.执照( license的名词复数 )v.批准,许可,颁发执照( license的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • Drivers have ten days' grace to renew their licenses. 驾驶员更换执照有10天的宽限期。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • Jewish firms couldn't get import or export licenses or raw materials. 犹太人的企业得不到进出口许可证或原料。 来自辞典例句
37 ammunition GwVzz     
n.军火,弹药
参考例句:
  • A few of the jeeps had run out of ammunition.几辆吉普车上的弹药已经用光了。
  • They have expended all their ammunition.他们把弹药用光。
38 ecosystems 94cb0e40a815bea1157ac8aab9a5380d     
n.生态系统( ecosystem的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • There are highly sensitive and delicately balanced ecosystems in the forest. 森林里有高度敏感、灵敏平衡的各种生态系统。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Madagascar's ecosystems range from rainforest to semi-desert. 马达加斯加生态系统类型多样,从雨林到半荒漠等不一而足。 来自辞典例句
39 defensive buszxy     
adj.防御的;防卫的;防守的
参考例句:
  • Their questions about the money put her on the defensive.他们问到钱的问题,使她警觉起来。
  • The Government hastily organized defensive measures against the raids.政府急忙布置了防卫措施抵御空袭。
40 guardian 8ekxv     
n.监护人;守卫者,保护者
参考例句:
  • The form must be signed by the child's parents or guardian. 这张表格须由孩子的家长或监护人签字。
  • The press is a guardian of the public weal. 报刊是公共福利的卫护者。
41 prank 51azg     
n.开玩笑,恶作剧;v.装饰;打扮;炫耀自己
参考例句:
  • It was thought that the fire alarm had been set off as a prank.人们认为火警报警器响是个恶作剧。
  • The dean was ranking the boys for pulling the prank.系主任正在惩罚那些恶作剧的男学生。
42 superstitious BHEzf     
adj.迷信的
参考例句:
  • They aim to deliver the people who are in bondage to superstitious belief.他们的目的在于解脱那些受迷信束缚的人。
  • These superstitious practices should be abolished as soon as possible.这些迷信做法应尽早取消。
43 reptiles 45053265723f59bd84cf4af2b15def8e     
n.爬行动物,爬虫( reptile的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Snakes and crocodiles are both reptiles. 蛇和鳄鱼都是爬行动物。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Birds, reptiles and insects come from eggs. 鸟类、爬虫及昆虫是卵生的。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
44 insurgents c68be457307815b039a352428718de59     
n.起义,暴动,造反( insurgent的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The regular troops of Baden joined the insurgents. 巴登的正规军参加到起义军方面来了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Against the Taliban and Iraqi insurgents, these problems are manageable. 要对付塔利班与伊拉克叛乱分子,这些问题还是可以把握住的。 来自互联网
45 tribal ifwzzw     
adj.部族的,种族的
参考例句:
  • He became skilled in several tribal lingoes.他精通几种部族的语言。
  • The country was torn apart by fierce tribal hostilities.那个国家被部落间的激烈冲突弄得四分五裂。
46 ethnic jiAz3     
adj.人种的,种族的,异教徒的
参考例句:
  • This music would sound more ethnic if you played it in steel drums.如果你用钢鼓演奏,这首乐曲将更具民族特色。
  • The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.这一方案很有可能只会加剧种族冲突。
47 jaguar JaPz8     
n.美洲虎
参考例句:
  • He was green with envy when he saw my new Jaguar car.看见我那辆美洲虎牌新车,他非常妒忌。
  • Should you meet a jaguar in the jungle,just turn slowly,walk away.But slowly,never look back.你在丛林中若碰上美洲虎,就慢慢转身走开,可一定要慢,切莫回头看。
48 genetic PgIxp     
adj.遗传的,遗传学的
参考例句:
  • It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
49 DNA 4u3z1l     
(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
参考例句:
  • DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
  • Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。
50 jaguars bfbd1a0f0e813aff8928cf4c7a6394d1     
n.(中、南美洲的)美洲虎( jaguar的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Jaguars are largely nocturnal creatures. 美洲虎基本上是夜行动物。 来自辞典例句
  • Jaguars (Panthera onca) once ranged from southern South America to theUnited States. 美洲虎曾经分布在北美洲南部和美洲南部。 来自互联网
51 groves eb036e9192d7e49b8aa52d7b1729f605     
树丛,小树林( grove的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The early sun shone serenely on embrowned groves and still green fields. 朝阳宁静地照耀着已经发黄的树丛和还是一片绿色的田地。
  • The trees grew more and more in groves and dotted with old yews. 那里的树木越来越多地长成了一簇簇的小丛林,还点缀着几棵老紫杉树。
52 plantations ee6ea2c72cc24bed200cd75cf6fbf861     
n.种植园,大农场( plantation的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Soon great plantations, supported by slave labor, made some families very wealthy. 不久之后出现了依靠奴隶劳动的大庄园,使一些家庭成了富豪。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
  • Winterborne's contract was completed, and the plantations were deserted. 维恩特波恩的合同完成后,那片林地变得荒废了。 来自辞典例句
53 ranches 8036d66af8e98e892dc5191d7ef335fc     
大农场, (兼种果树,养鸡等的)大牧场( ranch的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • They hauled feedlot manure from the ranches to fertilize their fields. 他们从牧场的饲养场拖走肥料去肥田。
  • Many abandoned ranches are purchased or leased by other poultrymen. 许多被放弃的牧场会由其他家禽监主收买或租用。
54 dispersing dispersing     
adj. 分散的 动词disperse的现在分词形式
参考例句:
  • Whereas gasoline fumes linger close to the ground before dispersing. 而汽油烟气却靠近地面迟迟不散。
  • Earthworms may be instrumental in dispersing fungi or bacteria. 蚯蚓可能是散布真菌及细菌的工具。
55 essentially nntxw     
adv.本质上,实质上,基本上
参考例句:
  • Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
  • She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。
56 backwards BP9ya     
adv.往回地,向原处,倒,相反,前后倒置地
参考例句:
  • He turned on the light and began to pace backwards and forwards.他打开电灯并开始走来走去。
  • All the girls fell over backwards to get the party ready.姑娘们迫不及待地为聚会做准备。
57 economists 2ba0a36f92d9c37ef31cc751bca1a748     
n.经济学家,经济专家( economist的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The sudden rise in share prices has confounded economists. 股价的突然上涨使经济学家大惑不解。
  • Foreign bankers and economists cautiously welcomed the minister's initiative. 外国银行家和经济学家对部长的倡议反应谨慎。 来自《简明英汉词典》
58 remains 1kMzTy     
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹
参考例句:
  • He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
  • The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
59 appellation lvvzv     
n.名称,称呼
参考例句:
  • The emperor of Russia Peter I was given the appellation " the Great ".俄皇彼得一世被加上了“大帝”的称号。
  • Kinsfolk appellation is the kinfolks system reflection in language.亲属称谓是亲属制度在语言中的反应。
60 retarded xjAzyy     
a.智力迟钝的,智力发育迟缓的
参考例句:
  • The progression of the disease can be retarded by early surgery. 早期手术可以抑制病情的发展。
  • He was so slow that many thought him mentally retarded. 他迟钝得很,许多人以为他智力低下。
61 chameleons 784904f50fc7d0174debc2b422ab8886     
n.变色蜥蜴,变色龙( chameleon的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Insects, birds and baby rats are the main food of chameleons. 昆虫、小鸟和幼鼠等是避役主要的食物。 来自互联网
  • A bronze chariot ridden by chameleons radiating flaring lights. 一辆被燃烧的蜥蜴覆盖的青铜战车。 来自互联网
62 bonded 2xpzkP     
n.有担保的,保税的,粘合的
参考例句:
  • The whisky was taken to bonded warehouses at Port Dundee.威士忌酒已送到邓迪港的保稅仓库。
  • This adhesive must be applied to both surfaces which are to be bonded together.要粘接的两个面都必须涂上这种黏合剂。
63 affinity affinity     
n.亲和力,密切关系
参考例句:
  • I felt a great affinity with the people of the Highlands.我被苏格兰高地人民深深地吸引。
  • It's important that you share an affinity with your husband.和丈夫有共同的爱好是十分重要的。
64 allergic 4xozJ     
adj.过敏的,变态的
参考例句:
  • Alice is allergic to the fur of cats.艾丽斯对猫的皮毛过敏。
  • Many people are allergic to airborne pollutants such as pollen.许多人对空气传播的污染物过敏,比如花粉。
65 predator 11vza     
n.捕食其它动物的动物;捕食者
参考例句:
  • The final part of this chapter was devoted to a brief summary of predator species.本章最后部分简要总结了食肉动物。
  • Komodo dragon is the largest living lizard and a fearsome predator.科摩多龙是目前存在的最大蜥蜴,它是一种令人恐惧的捕食性动物。
66 administrator SJeyZ     
n.经营管理者,行政官员
参考例句:
  • The role of administrator absorbed much of Ben's energy.行政职务耗掉本很多精力。
  • He has proved himself capable as administrator.他表现出管理才能。
67 leopards 5b82300b95cf3e47ad28dae49f1824d1     
n.豹( leopard的名词复数 );本性难移
参考例句:
  • Lions, tigers and leopards are all cats. 狮、虎和豹都是猫科动物。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • For example, airlines never ship leopards and canaries on the same flight. 例如,飞机上从来不会同时运送豹和金丝雀。 来自英语晨读30分(初三)
68 cheetahs 49fe48184ec612a4c6ab48e2544552ef     
n.(奔跑极快的)非洲猎豹( cheetah的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Unlike lions or cheetahs, leopards are secretive, solitary cats. 花豹不像狮子或印度豹,是属于较神秘而隐居的大猫。 来自互联网
  • Among this lot are cheetahs, lions, leopards, rhinoceroses, spotted hyenas and elephants. 印度豹、狮子、花豹、犀牛、斑点土狼、大象等,都是此地的居民。 来自互联网
69 orchids 8f804ec07c1f943ef9230929314bd063     
n.兰花( orchid的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Wild flowers such as orchids and primroses are becoming rare. 兰花和报春花这类野花越来越稀少了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • She breeds orchids in her greenhouse. 她在温室里培育兰花。 来自《简明英汉词典》
70 dedication pxMx9     
n.奉献,献身,致力,题献,献辞
参考例句:
  • We admire her courage,compassion and dedication.我们钦佩她的勇气、爱心和奉献精神。
  • Her dedication to her work was admirable.她对工作的奉献精神可钦可佩。
71 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
72 antennae lMdyk     
n.天线;触角
参考例句:
  • Sometimes a creature uses a pair of antennae to swim.有时某些动物使用其一对触须来游泳。
  • Cuba's government said that Cubans found watching American television on clandestine antennae would face three years in jail.古巴政府说那些用秘密天线收看美国电视的古巴人将面临三年监禁。

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