国家地理:Tornadoes 龙卷风

（单词翻译）

Call them twisters or tornadoes². They're nature's most violent storms with swirling³ winds that can top 300 miles per hour. About 800 twisters sweep through the US every year, more than anywhere else in the world. The hardest-hit area is a swath of the Great Plains from Texas to South Dakota known as Tornado¹ Alley⁴.

Here warm air flows up from the Gulf⁵ of Mexico in the spring and summer and crashes into cold air pushing down from Canada. The meeting produces violent thunderstorms called supercells. Scientists don't completely understand how or when tornadoes form. But they do know a supercell like this one can produce a twister if the conditions are right.

As warm moist air flows into a storm, it gets pushed up and twisted by upper level winds. As this rotating column of air gathers force, conditions are right for a collision below. When rain cooled downdrafts, hit warm air near the ground, a low hanging revolving⁶ cloud forms beneath the cell. A tornado is imminent⁷.

Tornadoes don't last long, anywhere from twenty seconds to an hour, but it can take years to recover from the devastation⁸. These storms kill nearly 90 people each year in the US and cause millions of dollars worth of damage. When a tornado is spotted⁹, experts advise going to a basement staying away from any windows or climbing into a first floor bathtub. While most people run for safety when a twister appears, some scientists actually race to meet it.

These storm chasers hunt down tornadoes trying to get right in the twister's path. They encounter incredible cloud movement, torrential rain, severe winds and hail, lightning and breath-taking storm structures. When they finally locate a twister, they measure it using special tools. These scientists hope to someday predict exactly when and where tornadoes will strike. Little can prevent the damage caused by tornadoes, but better forecasting could save more lives giving survivors¹⁰ the chance to rebuild after living through one of the most violent storms on earth.

downdraft: a strong downward current of air