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科学美国人60秒 SSS 土狼社会等级

时间:2019-09-29 07:14:02

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(单词翻译)

Hyena1 Society Stability Has Last Laugh

Turns out that for hyenas2, it' not what you know, but who you know.

事实证明,对于土狼来说,重要的不是你知道什么,而是你认识谁。

Spotted3 hyenas live in large, mixed-sex clans4, with fairly stable social hierarchies5—and the females are in charge.

斑点鬣狗(土狼的一种)生活在一个大型的混合性别的氏族中,拥有相当稳定的社会等级,而且由雌性负责。

"The matrilineal hierarchies that we see in spotted hyenas are also found in a lot of Old World monkeys."

“我们在斑点鬣狗身上看到的母系等级制度,在许多东半球的猴子身上也发现了此种等级。”

Michigan State University biologist Eli Strauss.

密歇根州立大学生物学家Eli Strauss说道.

"It's been perplexing for a long time to a number of people: what forces maintain this system? Because it is somewhat unusual in the animal kingdom."

“长期以来,很多人都感到困惑:是什么力量维持了这个体系?因为这在动物界有些不寻常。”

In some kinds of animal societies, your place in the dominance hierarchy6 can be explained by physical attributes, like body size. But in other animals, dominance rank can be acquired through things like age or nepotism7.

在某些动物社会中,你在统治阶层中的地位可以用身体特征来解释,比如体型。但在其他动物中,统治地位可以通过年龄或裙带关系获得。

Strauss and colleagues collected data about five generations of four groups of wild spotted hyenas in Kenya that they observed over a 27-year period. And the researchers saw multiple instances in which a smaller hyena came to dominate a larger one. They've even seen severely8 wounded hyenas become dominant9 to healthy ones. The results are in the journal Proceedings10 of the National Academy of Sciences.

Strauss和他的同事收集了肯尼亚四组野生斑点鬣狗的五代数据,他们观察了27年。研究人员还发现了许多小鬣狗主导大鬣狗的例子。他们甚至看到严重受伤的土狼成为健康土狼的主宰。研究结果发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上。

Given those examples, it would seem that rank in spotted hyenas is fairly arbitrary. But it turns out that what researchers call "rank reversals" happen only rarely in this species: just fourteen percent of the time. So how does it stay so stable over time?

考虑到这些例子,斑点鬣狗的排名似乎是相当随意的。但事实证明,研究人员所说的“等级颠倒”在这个物种中很少发生:只有14%的几率。它是如何保持稳定的呢?

“They're systematically11 related to the coalitionary support that we observed…So females who had stronger coalitions12 with their top allies were more likely to increase their social rank.”

“它们与我们观察到的联盟支持有系统的联系……因此,与高层盟友有更强联盟的女性更有可能提升自己的社会地位。”

Spotted hyenas could only climb the social ladder if they were able to maintain a strong alliance.

斑点鬣狗只有在能够维持强大的联盟关系的情况下才能爬上社会的阶梯。

“The social bonds of these animals are really very fundamental in establishing the structure of their societies

这些动物的社会关系对于建立它们的社会结构是非常重要的

In other words, the strength its relationships is what puts one hyena in its group’s spotlight13.

换句话说,正是这种强大的关系让一只土狼成为了团队的焦点。


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1 hyena k47yz     
n.土狼,鬣狗
参考例句:
  • African hyena noted for its distinctive howl.非洲鬣狗,以其特别的嚎叫而闻名。
  • The hyena's public image is not aided by its ridiculous appearance.鬣狗滑稽的外表无助于改善它在公众心中的形象。
2 hyenas f7b0c2304b9433d9f69980a715aa6dbe     
n.鬣狗( hyena的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • These animals were the prey of hyenas. 这些动物是鬣狗的猎物。 来自辞典例句
  • We detest with horror the duplicity and villainy of the murderous hyenas of Bukharinite wreckers. 我们非常憎恨布哈林那帮两面三刀、杀人破坏,干尽坏事的豺狼。 来自辞典例句
3 spotted 7FEyj     
adj.有斑点的,斑纹的,弄污了的
参考例句:
  • The milkman selected the spotted cows,from among a herd of two hundred.牛奶商从一群200头牛中选出有斑点的牛。
  • Sam's shop stocks short spotted socks.山姆的商店屯积了有斑点的短袜。
4 clans 107c1b7606090bbd951aa9bdcf1d209e     
宗族( clan的名词复数 ); 氏族; 庞大的家族; 宗派
参考例句:
  • There are many clans in European countries. 欧洲国家有很多党派。
  • The women were the great power among the clans [gentes], as everywhere else. 妇女在克兰〈氏族〉里,乃至一般在任何地方,都有很大的势力。 来自英汉非文学 - 家庭、私有制和国家的起源
5 hierarchies 363a3f0eb8ee21c582e96e99979801de     
等级制度( hierarchy的名词复数 ); 统治集团; 领导层; 层次体系
参考例句:
  • That's a trip of two hierarchies. 那是两个领导层之间的互访。
  • Hierarchies of authority, spans of control, long-range plans, and budgets. 等级森严的权力机构,控制范围,长期计划,预算。 来自英汉文学 - 廊桥遗梦
6 hierarchy 7d7xN     
n.等级制度;统治集团,领导层
参考例句:
  • There is a rigid hierarchy of power in that country.那个国家有一套严密的权力等级制度。
  • She's high up in the management hierarchy.她在管理阶层中地位很高。
7 nepotism f5Uzs     
n.任人唯亲;裙带关系
参考例句:
  • The congressman lashed the president for his nepotism.国会议员抨击总统搞裙带关系。
  • Many will regard his appointment as the kind of nepotism British banking ought to avoid.很多人会把他的任命看作是英国银行业应该避免的一种裙带关系。
8 severely SiCzmk     
adv.严格地;严厉地;非常恶劣地
参考例句:
  • He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
  • He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。
9 dominant usAxG     
adj.支配的,统治的;占优势的;显性的;n.主因,要素,主要的人(或物);显性基因
参考例句:
  • The British were formerly dominant in India.英国人从前统治印度。
  • She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。
10 proceedings Wk2zvX     
n.进程,过程,议程;诉讼(程序);公报
参考例句:
  • He was released on bail pending committal proceedings. 他交保获释正在候审。
  • to initiate legal proceedings against sb 对某人提起诉讼
11 systematically 7qhwn     
adv.有系统地
参考例句:
  • This government has systematically run down public services since it took office.这一屆政府自上台以来系统地削减了公共服务。
  • The rainforest is being systematically destroyed.雨林正被系统地毀灭。
12 coalitions d0242280efffddf593dc27d3aa62fa55     
结合体,同盟( coalition的名词复数 ); (两党或多党)联合政府
参考例句:
  • History testifies to the ineptitude of coalitions in waging war. 历史昭示我们,多数国家联合作战,其进行甚为困难。
  • All the coalitions in history have disintegrated sooner or later. 历史上任何联盟迟早都垮台了。
13 spotlight 6hBzmk     
n.公众注意的中心,聚光灯,探照灯,视听,注意,醒目
参考例句:
  • This week the spotlight is on the world of fashion.本周引人瞩目的是时装界。
  • The spotlight followed her round the stage.聚光灯的光圈随着她在舞台上转。

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