2014年经济学人 美国下任国防部长 量身定做

（单词翻译）

America's next defence secretary

Fit for purpose

Ashton Carter is well-qualified to lead the Pentagon, if he is allowed to

More hawkish¹ than Hagel

ASHTON CARTER once urged the pre-emptive bombing of North Korea's nuclear facilities. (It was in an article he wrote in 2006, while out of office.) He also wanted American troops to stay on in Iraq after 2011. Yet Barack Obama, who is hardly known for his hawkishness², appears poised³ to name him as defence secretary.

He would replace Chuck Hagel, a decorated veteran with a profound aversion to the ill-considered use of force. Mr Hagel, a Republican, was inarticulate, flummoxed by detail and floundered in the job, particularly when faced with the complex challenge of taking on the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. Relentless⁴ micromanagement from the White House made things worse.

Insiders praise Mr Carter's competence⁵ and experience. A physicist⁶ by training, he was deputy defence secretary under Leon Panetta, responsible for controlling a $600 billion annual budget. Such was his indispensability that Mr Obama asked him to continue in the job for a year after Mr Panetta left in 2013, to help Mr Hagel—an uncomfortable period for both men.

Before that, Mr Carter was the head of acquisitions, restructuring the bloated Joint⁷ Strike Fighter (JSF) programme and cancelling costly⁸ under-performing or outdated⁹ programmes. Soldiers in the field called him “the Deliverer”, for his ability to cut through the Pentagon's copious¹⁰ red tape and get urgently-needed kit¹¹ to the front line, such as MRAPs (mine-resistant ambush-protected vehicles) to shield troops from roadside bombs.

In Bill Clinton's first administration, Mr Carter was in charge of America's vast nuclear arsenal¹² and led the effort to dismantle¹³ and remove more than 8,000 nuclear weapons from states that had been part of the old Soviet¹⁴ Union. He also helped build security relationships with countries in eastern Europe that paved the way for them to join NATO.

Although some complain that Mr Carter's intellectual self-confidence and command of the most esoteric technical details can make him appear arrogant¹⁵ or aloof¹⁶, his confirmation¹⁷ hearings on Capitol Hill should be much easier than the grilling¹⁸ Mr Hagel received. Both Mac Thornberry and John McCain, the Republicans who are about to take the helms of the House and Senate Armed Services Committees, are likely to see Mr Carter as an ally in reforming the Pentagon's sclerotic procurement¹⁹ practices. Mr McCain, an arch-foe of wasteful²⁰ defence spending, often clashed with Mr Carter over the JSF; yet he developed a grudging²¹ respect for him. Kori Schake, a former Bush administration security official now at the Hoover Institution, a think-tank, describes Mr Carter as “able, intelligent, effective and energetic”.

Mr Carter will need all those qualities and more if he is to make his mark over the next two years. He will want to forge a deal with Congress to bring more stability to the defence budget and undo²² some of the cuts mandated²³ under sequestration. Since the world looks scarier now than it did a year or two ago, the military budget ought perhaps to grow a bit. However, Todd Harrison of the Centre for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments²⁴ in Washington reckons that the political compromises needed for a long-term fix are unlikely.

Mr Carter will also attempt to persuade Mr Obama and his ever-meddling team of advisers²⁵ that some new thinking is needed to deal with the situation in Iraq and Syria. In particular, Mr Obama's habit of deliberately²⁶ constraining²⁷ military options (for example, by ruling out the use of combat troops on the ground or, as in Afghanistan, setting timetables unrelated to conditions) makes the task of any defence secretary immeasurably harder.

For all his knowledge and experience of strategic issues, however, Mr Carter may still find himself excluded from real influence. Michael O'Hanlon of the Brookings Institution, a think-tank, says that when the decision was made to get rid of Mr Hagel, Mr Obama and his team on the National Security Council wanted someone personally close to the president who had worked his or her way up through their own ranks. To get a hearing from this inner circle, says Mr O'Hanlon, Mr Carter will have to decide “how much china he's prepared to break and how many political risks he's prepared to take”.