2014年经济学人 希腊和欧元

（单词翻译）

greece and the euro

Crisis revisited

The euro is still vulnerable, and Greece is not the only problem

IT WAS almost exactly five years ago that the euro crisis erupted, starting in Greece. Investors¹ who had complacently² let all euro-zone countries borrow at uniformly low levels abruptly³ woke up to the riskiness⁴ of an incompetent⁵ government borrowing money in a currency which it could not depreciate⁶. There is thus a dismal⁷ symmetry in seeing the euro crisis flare⁸ up again in the place where it began.

The proximate cause of the latest outbreak of nerves was the decision by the Greek government, now headed by the generally competent Antonis Samaras, to advance the presidential election to later this month. The presidency⁹ is largely ceremonial, but if Mr Samaras cannot win enough votes in parliament for his candidate, Stavros Dimas, a general election will follow. Polls suggest the winner would be Syriza, a populist party led by Alexis Tsipras. Although Mr Tsipras professes¹⁰ that he does not want to leave the euro, he is making promises to voters on public spending and taxes that may make it hard for Greece to stay. Hence the markets' sudden pessimism¹¹.

As it happens, there is a good chance that Mr Dimas, a former EU commissioner¹², will win the presidential vote at the end of this month (see article). But the latest Aegean tragicomedy is a timely reminder¹³ both of how unreformed the euro zone still is and of the dangers lurking¹⁴ in its politics.

It is true that, ever since the pledge by the European Central Bank's president, Mario Draghi in July 2012 to “do whatever it takes” to save the euro, fears that the single currency might break up have dissipated. Much has been done to repair the euro's architecture, ranging from the establishment of a bail-out fund to the start of a banking¹⁵ union. And economic growth across the euro zone is slowly returning, however anaemically, even to Greece and other bailed-out countries.

But is that good enough? Even if the immediate¹⁶ threat of break-up has receded¹⁷, the longer-term threat to the single currency has, if anything, increased. The euro zone seems to be trapped in a cycle of slow growth, high unemployment and dangerously low inflation. Mr Draghi would like to respond to this with full-blown quantitative¹⁸ easing, but he is running into fierce opposition¹⁹ from German and other like-minded ECB council members (see article). Fiscal²⁰ expansion is similarly blocked by Germany's unyielding insistence²¹ on strict budgetary discipline. And forcing structural²² reforms through the two sickliest core euro countries, Italy and France, remains²³ an agonisingly slow business.

Japan is reckoned to have had two “lost decades”; but in the past 20 years it grew by almost 0.9% a year. The euro zone, whose economy has not grown since the crisis, is showing no sign of dragging itself out of its slump²⁴. And Japan's political set-up is far more manageable than Europe's. It is a single political entity²⁵ with a cohesive²⁶ society; the euro zone consists of 18 separate countries, each with a different political landscape. It is hard to imagine it living through a decade even more dismal than Japan's without some political upheaval²⁷.

Greece is hardly alone in having angry voters. Portugal and Spain both have elections next year, in which parties that are fiercely against excessive austerity are likely to do well. In Italy three of the four biggest parties, Forza Italia, the Northern League and Beppe Grillo's Five Star movement, are turning against euro membership. France's anti-European National Front continues to climb in the opinion polls. Even Germany has a rising populist party that is against the euro.

It's the politics, stupid

Indeed, the political risks to the euro may be greater now than they were at the height of the euro crisis in 2011-12. What was striking then was that large majorities of ordinary voters preferred to stick with the single currency despite the austerity imposed by the conditions of their bail-outs, because they feared that any alternative would be even more painful. Now that the economies of Europe seem a little more stable, the risks of walking away from the single currency may also seem smaller.

Alexis de Tocqueville once observed that the most dangerous moment for a bad government was when it began to reform. Unless it can find some way to boost growth soon, the euro zone could yet bear out his dictum.