2015年经济学人 福利改革 睡房与碎砖

（单词翻译）

Welfare reform

Bedrooms and brickbats

The bedroom tax will probably survive

ON A sunny spring morning, a small group of protesters wait at the Department of Work and Pensions with a giant card for Iain Duncan Smith.

It is his birthday. But the card also marks a year since the introduction of the “bedroom tax”,

as opposition¹ politicians call the welfare secretary's scheme to encourage people in subsidised social housing to move to smaller properties.

“One year on and still causing misery”, it reads.

Since 2010, the coalition² has introduced plenty of changes to the welfare system.

But few are as unpopular as the bedroom tax (officially, the “removal of the spare-room subsidy”).

According to Ed Miliband, the Labour leader, it symbolises an “out-of-touch, uncaring Tory government that stands up for the privileged few”.

In February the nationalists in Scotland triumphantly³ scrapped⁴ it.

The Liberal Democrats⁵ are split by it. Yet despite the tide of anger, it will probably survive.

Before April 2013 tenants⁶ with spare rooms got enough housing benefit to cover their full rent.

Since then, they have had to pay for them themselves. On average, that means finding another 14 per week,

typically out of other welfare benefits—which are hardly generous to begin with.

The government says this is fair because people “underoccupying” their homes are preventing larger families from using the space more fully⁷.

The charge encourages tenants with spare bedrooms to downsize—or to rent them out. It is also meant to cut around 360m per year from the benefits bill.

Whether it can do so depends largely on people being able to move. So far just 6% of those affected⁸ have done, according to a BBC survey.

A high proportion live in post-industrial northern towns, where councils own plenty of 1950s and 1960s family homes but comparatively few smaller flats.

In Liverpool, for example, 24% of social tenants are affected by the policy.

In Westminster, by contrast, where there is enormous demand for housing, the figure is just 5%.

Yet the numbers of people affected is falling. When the policy came into effect last April, 560,000 households were hit.

By November, that had fallen to around 500,000. Research by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF), a charity, explains the shortfall.

Some people had found work; some had reached retirement⁹ age, whereupon the scheme no longer applies.

And more may now be moving. Mutual¹⁰ exchanges—where tenants swap¹¹ council homes with each other—appear to have taken off.

Meanwhile, some housing associations and councils are buying smaller homes and selling large ones.

Scrapping¹² the tax outright¹³ could undo¹⁴ some of these improvements.

Steve Wilcox, the author of the JRF's report, suggests tweaks that would make it work better.

Exempting¹⁵ tenants with severe disabilities, who may need a room for a carer or equipment, would help.

They currently have to apply for emergency funds from local authorities: a messy, bureaucratic¹⁶ process. So too would boosting that pot of money.

Such pragmatism will not appeal to the Labour Party.

For Mr Miliband, the bedroom tax is a helpful springboard for a wider war on welfare reform.

Yet if elected in 2015, he too will want to cut the deficit¹⁷. Tweaks might then be welcome.