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(单词翻译)

 

This is Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.

(Armstrong: Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed. Mission Control: Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot.)

Fifty years ago this July, when Apollo 11 made its historic landing on the moon, Houston heard the news almost instantaneously, within a second or so. That won't be the case for human astronauts exploring Mars, where the one-way delay in communications could be anywhere from four to 24 minutes. Which will make it nearly impossible to c?arry on a normal conversation. The result is that Martian astronauts will need to operate with a degree of autonomy space travelers have never had.

Leslie DeChurch, a professor of communication and psychology1 at Northwestern University, has studied the psychology and collective intelligence of simulated astronaut teams here on Earth.

"Not only did they live in isolation2 and confinement3 in an analogue4, but they spent approximately 30 percent of their time experiencing extreme communication delay. Meaning between 30 seconds and five minutes one way was the fastest they could have any communication go beyond just the other three crew members that were inside their habitat."

She spoke5 February 17th at a session called "Building a Winning Team for Missions to Mars," at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement6 of Science in Washington, D.C.

"The nine teams we studied all showed improvement on what we would call behavioral dimensions of collective performance. That is their ability to time, coordinate7, and sequence psychomotor activities improved."

"But let's talk about the bad news. As the teams remained in isolation and confinement for longer periods of time, their performance on what we call conceptual domains8 of performance, their ability to think together, to combine expertise9, to solve problems creatively, declined with increasing time in isolation. Importantly, this is exactly what autonomy is going to necessitate10 of these future brave space explorer teams. They will be the ones who will have to autonomously11 c?arry out creative thinking, problem solving and decision making, with minimal12 assistance or at best remote assistance from teams back on Earth."

The hope is, by studying these simulations on Earth, we'll have a better idea which astronaut teams truly have "the right stuff" for a new era of space exploration.

Thanks for listening for Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.


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1 psychology U0Wze     
n.心理,心理学,心理状态
参考例句:
  • She has a background in child psychology.她受过儿童心理学的教育。
  • He studied philosophy and psychology at Cambridge.他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学。
2 isolation 7qMzTS     
n.隔离,孤立,分解,分离
参考例句:
  • The millionaire lived in complete isolation from the outside world.这位富翁过着与世隔绝的生活。
  • He retired and lived in relative isolation.他退休后,生活比较孤寂。
3 confinement qpOze     
n.幽禁,拘留,监禁;分娩;限制,局限
参考例句:
  • He spent eleven years in solitary confinement.他度过了11年的单独监禁。
  • The date for my wife's confinement was approaching closer and closer.妻子分娩的日子越来越近了。
4 analogue SLryQ     
n.类似物;同源语
参考例句:
  • The gill of a fish is the analogue of the lung of a cat.鱼的鳃和猫的肺是类似物。
  • But aside from that analogue standby,the phone, videoconferencing is their favorite means of communication.除了备用的相似物电话,可视对话是他们最喜欢的沟通手段。
5 spoke XryyC     
n.(车轮的)辐条;轮辐;破坏某人的计划;阻挠某人的行动 v.讲,谈(speak的过去式);说;演说;从某种观点来说
参考例句:
  • They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
  • The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。
6 advancement tzgziL     
n.前进,促进,提升
参考例句:
  • His new contribution to the advancement of physiology was well appreciated.他对生理学发展的新贡献获得高度赞赏。
  • The aim of a university should be the advancement of learning.大学的目标应是促进学术。
7 coordinate oohzt     
adj.同等的,协调的;n.同等者;vt.协作,协调
参考例句:
  • You must coordinate what you said with what you did.你必须使你的言行一致。
  • Maybe we can coordinate the relation of them.或许我们可以调和他们之间的关系。
8 domains e4e46deb7f9cc58c7abfb32e5570b6f3     
n.范围( domain的名词复数 );领域;版图;地产
参考例句:
  • The theory of thermodynamics links the macroscopic and submicroscopic domains. 热力学把宏观世界同亚微观世界联系起来。 来自辞典例句
  • All three flow domains are indicated by shading. 所有三个流动区域都是用阴影部分表示的。 来自辞典例句
9 expertise fmTx0     
n.专门知识(或技能等),专长
参考例句:
  • We were amazed at his expertise on the ski slopes.他斜坡滑雪的技能使我们赞叹不已。
  • You really have the technical expertise in a new breakthrough.让你真正在专业技术上有一个全新的突破。
10 necessitate 5Gkxn     
v.使成为必要,需要
参考例句:
  • Your proposal would necessitate changing our plans.你的提议可能使我们的计划必须变更。
  • The conversion will necessitate the complete rebuilding of the interior.转变就必需完善内部重建。
11 autonomously 7d7df118f987129bac059bd8fe8107ed     
adv. 自律地,自治地
参考例句:
  • To learn autonomously in the network environment is totally new to students. 基于网络环境下的自主学习对学生来说,是一种全新的学习方式。
  • The QC-RS can operate autonomously or by remote control. QC-RS能实现自动操作或通过遥控来操作。
12 minimal ODjx6     
adj.尽可能少的,最小的
参考例句:
  • They referred to this kind of art as minimal art.他们把这种艺术叫微型艺术。
  • I stayed with friends, so my expenses were minimal.我住在朋友家,所以我的花费很小。

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