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科学美国人60秒 SSS 尼安德特人用蛤蜊捕鱼

时间:2020-02-20 01:41:53

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(单词翻译)

Neandertals Tooled Around with Clams1

Around 100,000 years ago, in what is now Italy, our Neandertal cousins waded2 out into the shallow coastal3 waters of the Mediterranean4 Sea in search of clams. They grabbed the mollusks from the seafloor and perhaps even dived for them in deeper water. And they also simply collected clams from the beach. But the creatures weren’t just food.

大约10万年前,在今天的意大利,我们的尼安德特人的表亲们为了寻找蛤蚌,涉水进入了地中海沿岸的浅水。他们从海底抓住软体动物,甚至潜入更深的水里寻找。他们还从海滩上收集蛤蚌。但是这些生物不仅仅是食物。

In a recent study, University of Colorado, Boulder5, archaeologist Paola Villa6 and her team report that Neandertals modified the clams’ hard shells into tools for cutting and scraping. The clam-derived implements7 were found inside the Grotta dei Moscerini, a coastal cave that was first rediscovered around 85 years ago.

在最近的一项研究中,科罗拉多大学博尔德分校的考古学家保拉·维拉和她的团队称,尼安德特人将蛤蜊的硬壳改造成了切割和刮擦的工具。这些源自钳子的器具是在海岸洞穴Grotta dei Moscerini内发现的,该洞穴于85年前首次被重新发现。

By examining wear and tear on the shells, the researchers determined8 that about 75 percent of the tool source material had been found dead on the beach. These shells had been worn down from being battered9 by waves and sand. But the remaining shells were smooth and shiny, indicating that the clams were still alive on the seafloor when they were gathered.

通过检查外壳的磨损情况,研究人员确定,大约75%的工具源材料是在海滩上发现的。这些贝壳是被海浪和沙子打穿的。但是,剩下的贝壳光滑而有光泽,这表明当它们被收集起来的时候,蛤蜊还活着。

These shells were also thicker and therefore might have made more durable10 tools. So even though gathering11 clams underwater took more work than picking them up on the beach, the effort may have been worth it.

这些外壳更厚,因此可能制造出更耐用的工具。因此,尽管在水下收集蛤蜊比在海滩上收集要花费更多的时间,但这种努力是值得的。

Also found in the Grotta dei Moscerini were pumice stones from volcanic12 eruptions13 that had occurred to the south of the site. Those stones may have been used by Neandertals as abrasive14 tools.

在Grotta dei Moscerini中还发现了来自火山喷发的浮石,这些火山喷发发生在该遗址的南部。这些石头可能被尼安德特人用作磨具。

The study is in the journal PLOS ONE.

这项研究发表在《公共科学图书馆·综合》杂志上。

Neandertals were making these tools more than 50,000 years before modern humans first arrived in Western Europe. But Neandertal intelligence was dismissed by the scientific community during much of the 20th century. In recent years, however, evidence of their tool use and even artistic15 abilities has grown. Neandertals hunted, made cave art, cooked with fire, used boats and went fishing. Just last year, for example, research by Villa and others found that Neandertals living not far from the Grotta dei Moscerini site used resin16 adhesives17 to attach handles to stone tools.

尼安德特人制造这些工具的时间比现代人类首次到达西欧早了5万多年。但在20世纪的大部分时间里,尼安德特人的智力被科学界所忽视。然而,近年来,关于他们使用工具甚至艺术能力的证据越来越多。尼安德特人打猎,制作洞穴艺术品,用火做饭,用船和钓鱼。例如,去年,维拉等人的研究发现,居住在离格罗塔·德·莫瑟里尼遗址不远的尼安德特人使用树脂粘合剂将手柄固定在石器上。

They may have gone extinct some 40,000 years ago, but it’s becoming ever more clear that Neandertals were intelligent, creative people—who led fully18 human lives.

尼安德特人可能在大约4万年前就灭绝了,但越来越清楚的是,他们是聪明、有创造力的人,过着完全符合人类的生活。


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 clams 0940cacadaf01e94ba47fd333a69de59     
n.蛤;蚌,蛤( clam的名词复数 )v.(在沙滩上)挖蛤( clam的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • The restaurant's specialities are fried clams. 这个餐厅的特色菜是炸蚌。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • We dug clams in the flats et low tide. 退潮时我们在浅滩挖蛤蜊。 来自辞典例句
2 waded e8d8bc55cdc9612ad0bc65820a4ceac6     
(从水、泥等)蹚,走过,跋( wade的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • She tucked up her skirt and waded into the river. 她撩起裙子蹚水走进河里。
  • He waded into the water to push the boat out. 他蹚进水里把船推出来。
3 coastal WWiyh     
adj.海岸的,沿海的,沿岸的
参考例句:
  • The ocean waves are slowly eating away the coastal rocks.大海的波浪慢慢地侵蚀着岸边的岩石。
  • This country will fortify the coastal areas.该国将加强沿海地区的防御。
4 Mediterranean ezuzT     
adj.地中海的;地中海沿岸的
参考例句:
  • The houses are Mediterranean in character.这些房子都属地中海风格。
  • Gibraltar is the key to the Mediterranean.直布罗陀是地中海的要冲。
5 boulder BNbzS     
n.巨砾;卵石,圆石
参考例句:
  • We all heaved together and removed the boulder.大家一齐用劲,把大石头搬开了。
  • He stepped clear of the boulder.他从大石头后面走了出来。
6 villa xHayI     
n.别墅,城郊小屋
参考例句:
  • We rented a villa in France for the summer holidays.我们在法国租了一幢别墅消夏。
  • We are quartered in a beautiful villa.我们住在一栋漂亮的别墅里。
7 implements 37371cb8af481bf82a7ea3324d81affc     
n.工具( implement的名词复数 );家具;手段;[法律]履行(契约等)v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 );执行;贯彻;使生效
参考例句:
  • Primitive man hunted wild animals with crude stone implements. 原始社会的人用粗糙的石器猎取野兽。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • They ordered quantities of farm implements. 他们订购了大量农具。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
8 determined duszmP     
adj.坚定的;有决心的
参考例句:
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
9 battered NyezEM     
adj.磨损的;v.连续猛击;磨损
参考例句:
  • He drove up in a battered old car.他开着一辆又老又破的旧车。
  • The world was brutally battered but it survived.这个世界遭受了惨重的创伤,但它还是生存下来了。
10 durable frox4     
adj.持久的,耐久的
参考例句:
  • This raincoat is made of very durable material.这件雨衣是用非常耐用的料子做的。
  • They frequently require more major durable purchases.他们经常需要购买耐用消费品。
11 gathering ChmxZ     
n.集会,聚会,聚集
参考例句:
  • He called on Mr. White to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
  • He is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。
12 volcanic BLgzQ     
adj.火山的;象火山的;由火山引起的
参考例句:
  • There have been several volcanic eruptions this year.今年火山爆发了好几次。
  • Volcanic activity has created thermal springs and boiling mud pools.火山活动产生了温泉和沸腾的泥浆池。
13 eruptions ca60b8eba3620efa5cdd7044f6dd0b66     
n.喷发,爆发( eruption的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • There have been several volcanic eruptions this year. 今年火山爆发了好几次。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Over 200 people have been killed by volcanic eruptions. 火山喷发已导致200多人丧生。 来自辞典例句
14 abrasive 3yDz3     
adj.使表面磨损的;粗糙的;恼人的
参考例句:
  • His abrasive manner has won him an unenviable notoriety.他生硬粗暴的态度让他声名狼藉。
  • She had abrasions to her wrists where the abrasive rope had scraped her.她的手腕有多出磨伤,那是被粗糙的绳子擦伤的。
15 artistic IeWyG     
adj.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的
参考例句:
  • The picture on this screen is a good artistic work.这屏风上的画是件很好的艺术品。
  • These artistic handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends.外国朋友很喜欢这些美术工艺品。
16 resin bCqyY     
n.树脂,松香,树脂制品;vt.涂树脂
参考例句:
  • This allyl type resin is a highly transparent, colourless material.这种烯丙基型的树脂是一种高度透明的、无色材料。
  • This is referred to as a thixotropic property of the resin.这种特性叫做树脂的触变性。
17 adhesives 13e253cdc27800dd9a236fa730288de4     
黏合剂( adhesive的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • These include dyes, adhesives, solvents, detergents, metals, and other foreign materials. 其中包括染料,粘合剂,溶剂,洗涤剂、金属等外界物质。
  • Preparation, properties and kinds of polyurethane adhesives were described. 综述了聚氨酯胶粘剂的合成、特性和种类。
18 fully Gfuzd     
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地
参考例句:
  • The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气,然后全部呼出。
  • They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

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