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科学美国人60秒 SSS 用烟草植物生产有用的化合物

时间:2020-04-28 01:38:24

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(单词翻译)

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Christine Herman.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列,我是克里斯汀·赫尔曼。

Tobacco plants of, course, are grown to make cigarettes. But tobacco is also used a lot in scientific research. And a new study shows tobacco can be genetically1 engineered to churn out large amounts of a commercially important bacterial2 enzyme3 known as cellulase. The enzyme has many industrial uses, including as an agent in the production of biofuel.

人们种植烟草植物自然是用来制作香烟的。但烟草也大量应用于科学研究。一项新研究表明,烟草能被基因改造,以大量生产一种在商业上非常重要的细菌酶——纤维素酶。这种酶有多种工业用途,包括作为生物燃料生产的制剂。

And even while their plant machinery4 is being co-opted as an enzyme-making factory, the plants suffer no reduction in yield while grown out in the field compared with unaltered plants. That fact is rather remarkable5, because you might suspect that when a plant is expending6 resources to create large amounts of cellulase it would struggle to grow. But that's not the case here.

经改造后,即使烟草的植物机制被选为制造酶的工厂,与未经改造的烟草相比,其在野外生长时产量也不会降低。这一事实相当引人注目,因为你可能会怀疑,当植物消耗大量资源来创造大量纤维素酶时,它会难以生长。但这里的情况并非如此。

The proof-of-concept study is in the journal Nature Plants.

这项概念验证研究发表在《自然·植物》期刊上。

University of Illinois plant biologist Justin McGrath is a co-lead author of the study. He says the work could lead to lower costs for producing useful proteins like enzymes7 and some vaccines8. That's because it can be way cheaper to cultivate tobacco plants in a field than to grow genetically modified yeast9 and other microbes indoors in large fermenters. Here's McGrath:

伊利诺伊大学的植物生物学家贾斯汀·麦克格拉斯是这项研究的其中一个主要作者。他表示,这项研究可以降低酶和某些疫苗等有用蛋白质的生产成本。这是因为在野外种植烟草,比在室内大型发酵桶中培养转基因酵母和其他微生物要便宜得多。下面是麦克斯拉斯所说:

"Our estimates from this study are that it would cost between 20 cents and one dollar to produce a gram of this cellulase, whereas current methods, d?epending on the type of method you're using, could cost from a couple hundred dollars to a couple thousand dollars."

“我们通过这项研究估计,生产1克这种纤维素酶的成本在20美分到1美元之间,而目前的方法,依据你所使用的方法类型,可能会花费数百至数千美元。”

Growing such plants in the field rather than indoors also makes it much easier to pursue really large-scale production of medicinal and industrial proteins.

在野外而不是室内种植这些烟草,还可以使人们更容易获得大规模生产的药用和工业蛋白质。

But any time you talk about growing genetically modified plants out in open areas, there's a concern that the DNA10 inserted into the crop could escape and find its way into other organisms. But the researchers safeguard the system against such an incident by avoiding the cell nucleus11, where DNA is available to be duplicated and passed along. Instead, they modified the DNA in the chloroplasts—organelles responsible for photosynthesis12, not reproduction.

但每次你在开放区域种植转基因作物,人们就会担心,植入作物中的DNA会逃跑,进到其他生物体中。但研究人员通过避开细胞核来保护该系统免遭此类事件,细胞核是DNA进行复制和传递的场所。相反,他们修改了叶绿体中的DNA,叶绿体是负责光合作用而不是繁殖的细胞器。

"That adds a very nice safety feature." Rainer Fischer, a veteran biotechnology researcher at Purdue University. He wasn't involved in this study. "So basically you don't have any chloroplasts in tobacco pollen13, so there should be no danger for outcrossing" — that is, no foreseeable risk of having the foreign DNA find its way into other plants in nature.

“这增加了一个非常好的安全特征。”普渡大学的资深生物技术研究员莱纳·费舍尔说到。他并未参与这项研究。“因此,烟草花粉中基本上没有任何叶绿体,所以应该也不会有异型杂交的风险”——也就是说,就外来DNA进入自然界中其他植物来说,目前没有可预见的风险。

Further research will determine if this system can work to produce other valuable enzymes, which could help transform the tobacco plant from health enemy to ally.

进一步研究将确定该系统能否产生其他有价值的酶,这可能有助于将烟草从健康敌人转变为盟友。

Thanks for listening for Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Christine Herman.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是克里斯汀·赫尔曼。


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 genetically Lgixo     
adv.遗传上
参考例句:
  • All the bees in the colony are genetically related. 同一群体的蜜蜂都有亲缘关系。
  • Genetically modified foods have already arrived on American dinner tables. 经基因改造加工过的食物已端上了美国人的餐桌。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 基因与食物
2 bacterial dy5z8q     
a.细菌的
参考例句:
  • Bacterial reproduction is accelerated in weightless space. 在失重的空间,细菌繁殖加快了。
  • Brain lesions can be caused by bacterial infections. 大脑损伤可能由细菌感染引起。
3 enzyme cPozF     
n.酵素,酶
参考例句:
  • Above a certain temperature,the enzyme molecule will become unfolded.超过一定温度,酶分子将会展开。
  • An enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots.能溶解血凝块中的纤维的酶。
4 machinery CAdxb     
n.(总称)机械,机器;机构
参考例句:
  • Has the machinery been put up ready for the broadcast?广播器材安装完毕了吗?
  • Machinery ought to be well maintained all the time.机器应该随时注意维护。
5 remarkable 8Vbx6     
adj.显著的,异常的,非凡的,值得注意的
参考例句:
  • She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
  • These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。
6 expending 2bc25f0be219ef94a9ff43e600aae5eb     
v.花费( expend的现在分词 );使用(钱等)做某事;用光;耗尽
参考例句:
  • The heart pumps by expending and contracting of muscle. 心脏通过收缩肌肉抽取和放出(血液)。 来自互联网
  • Criminal action is an action of expending cost and then producing profit. 刑事诉讼是一种需要支付成本、能够产生收益的活动。 来自互联网
7 enzymes 7881ad8ce9c83424f7874e70266ed2d8     
n. 酶,酵素
参考例句:
  • It was said that washing powders containing enzymes remove stains more efficiently. 据说加酶洗衣粉除污更有效。
  • Among the enzymes which are particularly effective are pepsin, papain. 在酶当中特别有效的是胃朊酶、木瓜酶。
8 vaccines c9bb57973a82c1e95c7cd0f4988a1ded     
疫苗,痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。
  • The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。
9 yeast 7VIzu     
n.酵母;酵母片;泡沫;v.发酵;起泡沫
参考例句:
  • Yeast can be used in making beer and bread.酵母可用于酿啤酒和发面包。
  • The yeast began to work.酵母开始发酵。
10 DNA 4u3z1l     
(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
参考例句:
  • DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
  • Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。
11 nucleus avSyg     
n.核,核心,原子核
参考例句:
  • These young people formed the nucleus of the club.这些年轻人成了俱乐部的核心。
  • These councils would form the nucleus of a future regime.这些委员会将成为一个未来政权的核心。
12 photosynthesis A2Czp     
n.光合作用
参考例句:
  • In apple trees photosynthesis occurs almost exclusively in the leaves.苹果树的光合作用几乎只发生在叶内。
  • Chloroplasts are the structures in which photosynthesis happens.叶绿体就是光合作用发生的地方。
13 pollen h1Uzz     
n.[植]花粉
参考例句:
  • Hummingbirds have discovered that nectar and pollen are very nutritious.蜂鸟发现花蜜和花粉是很有营养的。
  • He developed an allergy to pollen.他对花粉过敏。

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