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科学美国人60秒 SSS 音符感知可能取决于文化

时间:2020-07-28 01:24:14

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(单词翻译)

This is Scientific American — 60-Second Science, I'mSusanne Bard1.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列,我是苏珊娜·巴德。

Every culture around the world creates music. Butwhat shapes our perception of music? Twocandidates are the limits of the human brain and theexposure we've already had to music during ourlives. 

世界上每种文化都创造音乐。那是什么塑造了我们对音乐的认知呢?两个可能的原因是:人类大脑的极限以及我们生活中已有的对音乐的接触。

"If you only test participants with experience with Western music, then we really can't knowwhether these features comes from the experience or from the biological constraint2."

“如果你只测试有西方音乐经验的参与者,那我们无法知道这些特征是来自经验还是来自生物学限制。”

Psychologist Nori Jacoby of the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics3. During the pastfew years, he and his colleagues have visited a remote area of Bolivia to investigate thisquestion.

马克斯普朗克经验美学研究所的心理学家诺瑞·雅各比说到。过去几年,他和同事走访了玻利维亚一个偏远地区,以调查这个问题。

"And so we traveled there by taking a canoe ride or taking a Cessna plane or a couple of hourson a truck to communities that don't have running water or electricity."

“我们乘坐独木舟或塞斯纳飞机,或坐几个小时的卡车前往没有自来水或电力供应的社区。”

The Tsimane' are an indigenous4 people who live in the Amazon basin. 

提斯曼人是生活在亚马逊盆地的土著人。

"We specifically recruited participants from the Bolivian Amazon because these participants haverelatively little exposure to Western music."

“我们特意从玻利维亚亚马逊招募了参与者,因为这些参与者较少接触西方音乐。”

For example, octaves are a staple5 of Western music, but Tsimane' musical instruments don'tfeature them. As an acoustical6 phenomenon, an octave is defined as the interval7 in whichthe vibrational8 frequency of the bottom note is half that of the top note. They're consideredthe same note, an octave apart. For example, middle C...

例如,八度音阶是西方音乐的重要组成部分,但提斯曼人的乐器却没有八度音阶。作为一种声学现象,八度音阶指的是音程,其中底部音符的震动频率是顶部音符的一半。它们被视为相隔一个八度的同一音。例如,中央C音……

(CLIP: Middle C tone)

(音频剪辑:中央C音)

... and high C.

和高音C。

(CLIP: High C tone)

(音频剪辑:高音C)

For the study, Tsimane' participants were asked to listen to simple melodies and sing them backto the researchers. This exercise revealed that the Tsimane' don't perceive tones that are anoctave apart as the same note. On the other hand, participants from the U.S. did recognizeoctaves—although musically trained Westerners were better at it than those with no musicaltraining.

为了研究,提斯曼参与者被要求听简单的乐曲,然后唱给研究人员听。这项实验揭示,提斯曼人并未将相隔八度的音视为同一个音。另一方面,来自美国的参与者确实识别出八度音阶——尽管受过音乐训练的西方人比没有受过训练的人更擅长识别。

"And so what is exciting here is that it highlights the importance of experience and exposureon the human mind."

“令人兴奋的是,它强调了体验和接触对人类思维的重要性。”

The research is in the journal Current Biology.

这项研究发表在《当代生物学》期刊上。

In an earlier study, Jacoby's colleague Josh McDermott and his team from M.I.T. found thatthe Tsimane' don't find it unpleasant to hear notes like C and F# played together.

在早期研究中,雅各比的同事乔什·麦克德莫特和他来自麻省理工学院的团队发现,提斯曼人听C调与F调合奏时并未觉得不适。

(CLIP: C and F# notes)

(音频剪辑:C音和F音)

But they're a dissonant9 combo that's particularly grating to many Western ears.

但这是一种不和谐的组合,尤其令许多西方人感到刺耳。

Despite the evidence that experience influences pitch perception, biology is also a factor. Jacoby says the new study also revealed that both Westerners and the Tsimane' have troubledistinguishing between really high notes above 4,000 hertz...

尽管有证据表明经验会影响音高感知,但生物学也是一个因素。雅各比表示,新研究还揭示,西方人和提斯曼人都难以区分4000赫兹以上的高音。

(CLIP: 4,000 hertz tone)

(音频剪辑:4000赫兹的音高)

... even though human hearing goes all the way up to 20,000 hertz.

即使人类的听力可以达到20000赫兹。

And that may be because, no matter where we're from, we hit the limits of our brains beforewe reach the limits of our ears.

这可能是因为,无论我们来自哪里,我们在到达听力极限时会先达到大脑极限。

Thanks for listening for Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Susanne Bard.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是苏珊娜·巴德。


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 bard QPCyM     
n.吟游诗人
参考例句:
  • I'll use my bard song to help you concentrate!我会用我的吟游诗人歌曲帮你集中精神!
  • I find him,the wandering grey bard.我发现了正在徘徊的衰老游唱诗人。
2 constraint rYnzo     
n.(on)约束,限制;限制(或约束)性的事物
参考例句:
  • The boy felt constraint in her presence.那男孩在她面前感到局促不安。
  • The lack of capital is major constraint on activities in the informal sector.资本短缺也是影响非正规部门生产经营的一个重要制约因素。
3 aesthetics tx5zk     
n.(尤指艺术方面之)美学,审美学
参考例句:
  • Sometimes, of course, our markings may be simply a matter of aesthetics. 当然,有时我们的标点符号也许只是个审美的问题。 来自名作英译部分
  • The field of aesthetics presents an especially difficult problem to the historian. 美学领域向历史学家提出了一个格外困难的问题。
4 indigenous YbBzt     
adj.土产的,土生土长的,本地的
参考例句:
  • Each country has its own indigenous cultural tradition.每个国家都有自己本土的文化传统。
  • Indians were the indigenous inhabitants of America.印第安人是美洲的土著居民。
5 staple fGkze     
n.主要产物,常用品,主要要素,原料,订书钉,钩环;adj.主要的,重要的;vt.分类
参考例句:
  • Tea is the staple crop here.本地产品以茶叶为大宗。
  • Potatoes are the staple of their diet.土豆是他们的主要食品。
6 acoustical acoustical     
adj. 听觉的,声学的,音响学的
参考例句:
  • This system can set up acoustical resonances. 这种系统能产生共鸣。
  • The relevance of acoustical principles is by no means limited to sound and hearing. 声学原理并不仅仅适用于声音和听觉。
7 interval 85kxY     
n.间隔,间距;幕间休息,中场休息
参考例句:
  • The interval between the two trees measures 40 feet.这两棵树的间隔是40英尺。
  • There was a long interval before he anwsered the telephone.隔了好久他才回了电话。
8 vibrational b1e0aee04354f3f4282661cb6cb30ab1     
adj.振动的,摇摆的
参考例句:
  • However, heating energizes the vibrational, rotational, and electronic motions all at once. 但是,加热会一下子把振动、转动和电子运动统统加强。 来自英汉非文学 - 科技
  • Such photons will excite the higher vibrational levels of the OH molecule. 这种光子会激发OH分子的较高振动能级。 来自辞典例句
9 dissonant plNzV     
adj.不和谐的;不悦耳的
参考例句:
  • His voice is drowned by the dissonant scream of a siren outside.她的声音被外面杂乱刺耳的警报声吞没了。
  • They chose to include all of these dissonant voices together.他们把那些不和谐的声音也放在了里面

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