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科学美国人60秒 SSS 排名上升可能会吓到对手

时间:2020-09-15 05:12:42

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(单词翻译)

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Susanne Bard1.

This July, just one year after turning pro2, 15-year-old Coco Gauff beat tennis superstar Venus Williams in the first round at Wimbledon. She went on to win two more rounds against highly ranked players during the tournament. Similarly, in 2009 17-year-old Melanie Oudin beat a series of top-ranked opponents, making it to the fifth round of the U.S. Open.

How did these newcomers do so well? One factor—in addition to stellar play—could have been their meteoric3 rise in status both prior to and during the tournament. Opponents seeing the newbies' names climb in the rankings might have been somewhat psyched out. It's a phenomenon that Duke University researcher Hemant Kakkar calls "status momentum4":

"If that person is gaining momentum, you tend to feel more threatened or intimidated5 by their momentum. And as a result, your performance is impaired6."

Kakkar and his colleagues analyzed7 more than 100,000 matchups between tennis pros8 and millions of amateur chess games. They found that players fared worse when facing opponents who were rising in rank. And it's not just that the rise in rank reflected higher skills.

"Our research shows that you will be more threatened by someone who has improved their ranking from 10 to eight to four than who was always at four. Even though the two players have objectively the same rank, you feel more threatened by the one who has risen in rank."

Kakkar thinks status momentum may come into play wherever hierarchies9 are formed and disrupted—especially in the world of business. His team conducted several online experiments simulating real-world business scenarios10 to investigate the psychological mechanisms11 behind status momentum. They conclude that people expect that a competitor's future rank will actually mirror physical laws of momentum—that is, an object in motion will continue to stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

"When they see someone moving up in rank, they think that this person has momentum. And their first thought is, 'Oh, this person is going to continue to move up.' So these studies find that people tend to project opponents' rank in future—who have momentum. And as a result, they feel threatened."

The study is in the Proceedings12 of the National Academy of Sciences.

The research also revealed that focusing on their own strengths buffered13 participants against their competitors' status momentum. Another way to feel less threatened? Pretend that the competitors' rise in rank is due to an error in the ratings system.

"Delusion14 plays a huge role in how we maintain our self-esteem. It helps make us feel good about ourselves."

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Susanne Bard.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列,我是苏珊娜·巴德。

今年(2019年)7月,在转为职业选手仅一年后,15岁的科科·高夫就在温网首轮击败了网球超级巨星维纳斯·威廉姆斯(大威)。接下来,她在温网又赢下两轮,连续击败排名靠前的选手。同样,2009年时,17岁的梅兰妮·奥丁击败了多名高排名对手,成功挺进美网公开赛第五轮。

这些新人是如何做到如此出色的?除了一流的表现外,还有一个因素可能是:她们的地位在赛前和赛中迅速崛起。看到新人排名不断攀升,对手可能有点吓坏了。这就是杜克大学研究员赫曼特·卡卡尔所称的“地位动量”现象。

“如果那个人获得了动量,你往往会被他们的动量威胁或恐吓到。这会导致你的表现受损。”

卡卡尔和同事分析了网球职业比赛和数百万业余棋类比赛中的10万多对选手。他们发现,面对排名上升的对手时,选手的表现更差。而且这不仅仅因为排名上升代表更高的技能。

“我们的研究表明,与稳居第4名相比,某人将自已的排名从第10提高到第8再提升到第4时,你感受到的威胁会更大。即使客观来说两名选手的排名相同,但你还是会认为排名上升的选手威胁更大。”

卡卡尔认为,只要有等级制度形成和破坏的领域,地位动量就可能发挥作用——尤其是在商界。他的团队进行了多项模拟真实商业场景的网络实验,以调查地位动量背后的心理机制。他们得出的结论是,人们认为竞争者的未来排名实际上反映了动量物理定律,也就是说,除非受到外力作用,运动中的物体将继续保持运动状态。

“当他们看到有人排名上升时,他们会认为这个人有动量。他们的第一个想法是,‘哦,这个人的排名会继续上升。’这些研究发现,人们往往会预测对手的未来排名,而这些对手有动量。因此,他们会感到威胁。”

这项研究发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上。

研究还揭示,关注自已的实力可以缓解对手的地位动量对参赛者的威胁。另一种减少威胁感的方法是什么?假设对手的排名上升是因为评级系统出错了。

“错觉在我们维持自尊方面扮演了重要的角色。它会让我们自我感觉良好。”

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是苏珊娜·巴德。


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 bard QPCyM     
n.吟游诗人
参考例句:
  • I'll use my bard song to help you concentrate!我会用我的吟游诗人歌曲帮你集中精神!
  • I find him,the wandering grey bard.我发现了正在徘徊的衰老游唱诗人。
2 pro tk3zvX     
n.赞成,赞成的意见,赞成者
参考例句:
  • The two debating teams argued the question pro and con.辩论的两组从赞成与反对两方面辩这一问题。
  • Are you pro or con nuclear disarmament?你是赞成还是反对核裁军?
3 meteoric WwAy2     
adj.流星的,转瞬即逝的,突然的
参考例句:
  • In my mind,losing weight is just something meteoric.在我眼中,减肥不过是昙花一现的事情。
  • His early career had been meteoric.他的早期生涯平步青云。
4 momentum DjZy8     
n.动力,冲力,势头;动量
参考例句:
  • We exploit the energy and momentum conservation laws in this way.我们就是这样利用能量和动量守恒定律的。
  • The law of momentum conservation could supplant Newton's third law.动量守恒定律可以取代牛顿第三定律。
5 intimidated 69a1f9d1d2d295a87a7e68b3f3fbd7d5     
v.恐吓;威胁adj.害怕的;受到威胁的
参考例句:
  • We try to make sure children don't feel intimidated on their first day at school. 我们努力确保孩子们在上学的第一天不胆怯。
  • The thief intimidated the boy into not telling the police. 这个贼恫吓那男孩使他不敢向警察报告。 来自《简明英汉词典》
6 impaired sqtzdr     
adj.受损的;出毛病的;有(身体或智力)缺陷的v.损害,削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Much reading has impaired his vision. 大量读书损害了他的视力。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • His hearing is somewhat impaired. 他的听觉已受到一定程度的损害。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
7 analyzed 483f1acae53789fbee273a644fdcda80     
v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 );分解;解释;对…进行心理分析
参考例句:
  • The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程,因为对他来说,爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》
8 pros pros     
abbr.prosecuting 起诉;prosecutor 起诉人;professionals 自由职业者;proscenium (舞台)前部n.赞成的意见( pro的名词复数 );赞成的理由;抵偿物;交换物
参考例句:
  • The pros and cons cancel out. 正反两种意见抵消。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • We should hear all the pros and cons of the matter before we make a decision. 我们在对这事做出决定之前,应该先听取正反两方面的意见。 来自《简明英汉词典》
9 hierarchies 363a3f0eb8ee21c582e96e99979801de     
等级制度( hierarchy的名词复数 ); 统治集团; 领导层; 层次体系
参考例句:
  • That's a trip of two hierarchies. 那是两个领导层之间的互访。
  • Hierarchies of authority, spans of control, long-range plans, and budgets. 等级森严的权力机构,控制范围,长期计划,预算。 来自英汉文学 - 廊桥遗梦
10 scenarios f7c7eeee199dc0ef47fe322cc223be88     
n.[意]情节;剧本;事态;脚本
参考例句:
  • Further, graphite cores may be safer than non-graphite cores under some accident scenarios. 再者,根据一些事故解说,石墨堆芯可比非石墨堆芯更安全一些。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
  • Again, scenarios should make it clear which modes are acceptable to users in various contexts. 同样,我们可以运用场景剧本来搞清楚在不同情境下哪些模式可被用户接受。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
11 mechanisms d0db71d70348ef1c49f05f59097917b8     
n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 );机械装置;[生物学] 机制;机械作用
参考例句:
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
12 proceedings Wk2zvX     
n.进程,过程,议程;诉讼(程序);公报
参考例句:
  • He was released on bail pending committal proceedings. 他交保获释正在候审。
  • to initiate legal proceedings against sb 对某人提起诉讼
13 buffered 8b365ffbd5d92a1b9c20f227a4b6fcec     
[医]缓冲的
参考例句:
  • The drug buffered his pain. 药物减轻了他的病痛。
  • The reaction should be buffered to a pH of between 6 and 11. 应使反应缓冲到pH值为6~11。
14 delusion x9uyf     
n.谬见,欺骗,幻觉,迷惑
参考例句:
  • He is under the delusion that he is Napoleon.他患了妄想症,认为自己是拿破仑。
  • I was under the delusion that he intended to marry me.我误认为他要娶我。

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