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科学美国人60秒 通过下水道追踪疫情,儿童疫苗再次被搁置

时间:2022-05-27 06:25:31

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(单词翻译)

Tracking Outbreaks through Sewers1, and Kids' Vaccines3 on Hold Again

通过下水道追踪疫情,儿童疫苗再次被搁置

Tanya Lewis: Hi, and welcome to COVID, Quickly, a Scientific American podcast series.

Josh Fischman: This is your fast-track update on the COVID pandemic. We bring you up to speed on the science behind the most urgent questions about the virus and the disease. We demystify the research and help you understand what it really means.

Lewis: I’m Tanya Lewis.

Fischman: I’m Josh Fischman.

坦娅·刘易斯:大家好,欢迎收看美国科学播客系列节目《快速传播新冠病毒》。

乔希·菲奇曼:这是你们关于新冠疫情的快速更新。我们将向您介绍有关病毒和疾病的最紧迫问题背后的科学。我们揭开研究的神秘面纱,帮助你理解它的真正含义。

刘易斯:我是坦娅·刘易斯。

我是乔希·费斯曼。

Lewis: And we’re Scientific American’s senior health editors.

Fischman: Welcome back, Tanya.

刘易斯:我们是《科学美国人》的高级健康编辑。

欢迎回来,坦尼娅。

Lewis: It’s good to be back! Today we’re going to talk about tracking COVID through the sewers ...

Fischman: And explain why vaccines for the littlest kids have been put on hold yet again.

There’s been more talk recently about using wastewater to detect COVID. Forgive me, but what’s the poop on that?

刘易斯:很高兴回来!今天我们将讨论通过下水道追踪新冠病毒。。。

费奇曼:并解释为什么最小儿童的疫苗再次被搁置。

最近有更多关于利用废水检测新冠病毒的讨论。原谅我,那上面是什么屎?

Lewis: I’m glad you asked, Josh! Scientists have known for some time that people can shed the SARS-CoV-2 virus in our excrement4. Traces of virus in our sewage systems can often be detected before a surge in clinical COVID cases. So they can provide early warning of an outbreak. And they can spot infections from people regardless of whether or not they’re showing symptoms or if they have access to testing.

刘易斯:我很高兴你问我,乔希!科学家们已经知道一段时间,人们可以在我们的粪便中传播SARS-CoV-2病毒。在临床新冠病毒病例激增之前,我们的污水系统中往往可以检测到病毒的痕迹。因此,他们可以提供疫情的早期预警。他们可以发现来自人群的感染,无论他们是否出现症状或是否有机会接受检测。

What’s new is that the CDC has started adding data from wastewater sampling sites to its dashboard, the COVID Data Tracker. The agency first launched the National Wastewater Surveillance System in September 2020. Now they have more than 400 monitoring sites around the country, and they’re planning to add 250 more in the next few weeks. That’s according to Amy Kirby, the program’s team lead, who was speaking in a press briefing.

新的是,CDC已经开始将废水采样点的数据添加到其仪表盘新冠数据跟踪器中。该机构于2020年9月首次启动了国家废水监测系统。现在,他们在全国各地拥有400多个监测点,并计划在未来几周内再增加250个。这是该项目团队负责人艾米·柯比在新闻发布会上说的。

You can look up specific U.S. counties and see whether there’s been an increase or decrease in SARS-CoV-2 levels in their wastewater. If a county hasn’t provided data recently, it’s shown in gray. Right now there aren’t that many sites that are frequently submitting data, but you can still get an idea of how cases are trending based on the colors of dots on the map.

你可以查看美国特定的县,看看它们的废水中SARS-CoV-2的水平是上升了还是下降了。如果一个县最近没有提供数据,则显示为灰色。现在没有那么多网站经常提交数据,但你仍然可以根据地图上点的颜色了解案件的趋势。

Wastewater tracking could also be useful for spotting new variants6. In fact, a recent study of the sewage system in New York City found several so-called cryptic7 variants that were not seen in any clinical samples from patients. The researchers suggested that these could have come from an isolated8 setting like a nursing home or even from animals like rats—of which there is no shortage in NYC’s sewers. They found traces of rat, dog and cat RNA in the wastewater.

废水跟踪也有助于发现新的变种。事实上,最近一项关于纽约市污水系统的研究发现了一些所谓的隐匿变种,这些变种在患者的任何临床样本中都没有发现。研究人员认为,这些可能来自一个隔离的环境,比如疗养院,甚至可能来自纽约市下水道不短缺的动物,比如老鼠。他们在废水中发现了老鼠、狗和猫的RNA痕迹。

This adds to worries that animals could serve as a reservoir for the virus. In fact, many white-tailed deer in the U.S. have already been found to have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

Wastewater monitoring isn’t just limited to COVID—it could also be used to detect outbreaks of other pathogens, like flu or antibiotic9 resistant10 microbes, or even patterns of opioid use, scientists say. Our poop is a veritable gold mine!

这增加了人们对动物可能成为病毒宿主的担忧。事实上,美国许多白尾鹿已经被发现有SARS-CoV-2抗体。

科学家说,废水监测不仅限于新冠病毒,还可以用于检测其他病原体的暴发,如流感或抗生素耐药微生物,甚至是阿片类药物的使用模式。我们的大便是一座名副其实的金矿!

Fischman: One group of people in the U.S. has not been eligible11 for COVID vaccines: kids under five. Is that about to change?Lewis: Not this month, Tanya, and not next month either.

菲奇曼:美国有一组人没有资格接种新冠病毒疫苗:五岁以下的儿童。这会改变吗?刘易斯:这个月不行,坦娅,下个月也不行。

The Food and Drug Administration and the vaccine2 maker12 Pfizer, which has been testing shots in the littlest children,  wanted kids’ vaccines to happen. So do lots of parents, who have been desperate to get their little children vaccinated13. There are about 18 million kids under the age of five, and they go to day care and nursery school and pre-K and playgroups. Vaccines have been approved for everyone aged14 five and up. But these littlest ones have been out there, unprotected.

美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration)和疫苗制造商辉瑞(Pfizer)一直在对最小的儿童进行注射试验,他们希望儿童疫苗能够实现。许多父母也是如此,他们迫切希望让自己的孩子接种疫苗。大约有1800万名五岁以下的儿童,他们上日托、幼儿园、学前教育和游戏小组。五岁及以上的人都可以接种疫苗。但这些小家伙一直在外面,没有受到保护。

The tests of these vaccines, however, were not rousing success stories. They showed the vaccines were quite safe in little kids. Yet they didn’t show the shots produced immunity15 in children aged two through five.

然而,这些疫苗的试验并没有引发成功的故事。他们证明疫苗对小孩子是相当安全的。然而,他们并没有显示这些疫苗在两岁到五岁的儿童中产生了免疫力。

These shots—two of them, each smaller than the adult dose—did work in kids under age two, including infants. They produced levels of antibodies just like the levels that stopped infections in teenagers.

这些疫苗中的两种,每种都比成人剂量小,对两岁以下的儿童(包括婴儿)有效。他们产生的抗体水平与阻止青少年感染的水平一样。

For the two and ups, Pfizer decided16 to add a third shot to the regimen and test that. And they applied17 for approval for the two-shot routine. The reasoning is that the vaccine was safe in kids, it worked in the infants and that starting the doses now will get the older kids to their third shot faster.

对于两人和ups,辉瑞决定在方案中加入第三剂并进行测试。他们还申请了两次射击的批准。理由是,疫苗对儿童是安全的,对婴儿有效,现在开始注射将使年龄较大的儿童更快地进行第三次注射。

But it’s unusual to approve something when not all the data are in. That bothered some scientists on the agency’s vaccine advisory18 committee, such as vaccinologist Paul Offit of the Children’s Hospital in Philadelphia. He didn’t want to approve a shot without seeing more evidence that it actually worked.

但在并非所有数据都在的情况下批准某些东西是不寻常的。这让该机构疫苗咨询委员会的一些科学家感到困扰,比如费城儿童医院的疫苗学家保罗·奥菲特。他不想在看不到更多证据证明注射确实有效的情况下批准注射。

Apparently19 a number of other experts shared that sentiment. Last week the FDA, which had encouraged Pfizer’s application, suddenly reversed course. They canceled a meeting of the advisory committee that was going to review the application, saying it would be better to wait for complete three-dose data.

显然,其他一些专家也有这种看法。上周,鼓励辉瑞申请的FDA突然改变了方向。他们取消了咨询委员会的一次会议,该委员会将对申请进行审查,称最好等待完整的三剂数据。

Pfizer agreed, and it expects that info to be available in early April.

The Omicron variant5 played a role in this back-and-forth. More kids started to be hospitalized in early January than ever before—about 800 per week—and that made the agency look for ways to work fast.

辉瑞同意了这一点,并预计该信息将于4月初发布。

Omicron变体在这一过程中起到了作用。1月初开始住院的儿童比以往任何时候都多,每周约800人,这使得该机构寻找快速工作的方法。

But the variant also infected kids in thetwo-dose Pfizer trial, making the third dose even more important to judge effectiveness. So officials made the decision to wait. Plus, the pace of Omicron infection has started to wane20.

但在辉瑞公司的两剂试验中,这种变种也感染了儿童,这使得第三剂对判断疗效更加重要。因此,官员们决定等待。此外,奥米克龙感染的速度已经开始下降。

Above all, I think, nobody wanted to seem like they were taking shortcuts21 when it came to kids, and moving ahead now seemed more and more like cutting corners. Some vaccine experts worried that it would raise parents’ suspicions.

最重要的是,我认为,当涉及到孩子时,没有人想让自己看起来像是在走捷径,而现在向前看似乎越来越像是在抄近路。一些疫苗专家担心这会引起家长的怀疑。

So now it’s wait until April. That’s distressing22 to parents who thought they’d be able to extend protection to their little ones. But it’s also following the science and not getting ahead of it.

Now you’re up to speed. Thanks for joining us. Our show is edited by the inimitable Jeff DelViscio.

所以现在要等到四月。这让那些认为自己能够为孩子提供保护的父母感到痛苦。但它也在追随科学,而不是超越科学。

现在你掌握了最新进展。谢谢你加入我们。我们的节目是由不可模仿的Jeff DelViscio编辑的。

Fischman: Come back in two weeks for the next episode of COVID, Quickly! And check out SciAm.com for updated and in-depth COVID news.

两周后再来看新冠肺炎的下一集,快点!看看SciAm。com获取最新和深入的新冠病毒新闻。


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 sewers f2c11b7b1b6091034471dfa6331095f6     
n.阴沟,污水管,下水道( sewer的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The sewers discharge out at sea. 下水道的污水排入海里。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • Another municipal waste problem is street runoff into storm sewers. 有关都市废水的另外一个问题是进入雨水沟的街道雨水。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
2 vaccine Ki1wv     
n.牛痘苗,疫苗;adj.牛痘的,疫苗的
参考例句:
  • The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
  • She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。
3 vaccines c9bb57973a82c1e95c7cd0f4988a1ded     
疫苗,痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。
  • The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。
4 excrement IhLzw     
n.排泄物,粪便
参考例句:
  • The cage smelled of excrement.笼子里粪臭熏人。
  • Clothing can also become contaminated with dust,feathers,and excrement.衣着则会受到微尘、羽毛和粪便的污染。
5 variant GfuzRt     
adj.不同的,变异的;n.变体,异体
参考例句:
  • We give professional suggestions according to variant tanning stages for each customer.我们针对每位顾客不同的日晒阶段,提供强度适合的晒黑建议。
  • In a variant of this approach,the tests are data- driven.这个方法的一个变种,是数据驱动的测试。
6 variants 796e0e5ff8114b13b2e23cde9d3c6904     
n.变体( variant的名词复数 );变种;变型;(词等的)变体
参考例句:
  • Those variants will be preserved in the'struggle for existence". 这些变异将在“生存竞争”中被保留下来。 来自辞典例句
  • Like organisms, viruses have variants, generally called strains. 与其他生物一样,病毒也有变种,一般称之为株系。 来自辞典例句
7 cryptic yyDxu     
adj.秘密的,神秘的,含义模糊的
参考例句:
  • She made a cryptic comment about how the film mirrored her life.她隐晦地表示说这部电影是她人生的写照。
  • The new insurance policy is written without cryptic or mysterious terms.新的保险单在编写时没有隐秘条款或秘密条款。
8 isolated bqmzTd     
adj.与世隔绝的
参考例句:
  • His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。
  • Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。
9 antibiotic KNJzd     
adj.抗菌的;n.抗生素
参考例句:
  • The doctor said that I should take some antibiotic.医生说我应该服些用抗生素。
  • Antibiotic can be used against infection.抗菌素可以用来防止感染。
10 resistant 7Wvxh     
adj.(to)抵抗的,有抵抗力的
参考例句:
  • Many pests are resistant to the insecticide.许多害虫对这种杀虫剂有抵抗力。
  • They imposed their government by force on the resistant population.他们以武力把自己的统治强加在持反抗态度的人民头上。
11 eligible Cq6xL     
adj.有条件被选中的;(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的
参考例句:
  • He is an eligible young man.他是一个合格的年轻人。
  • Helen married an eligible bachelor.海伦嫁给了一个中意的单身汉。
12 maker DALxN     
n.制造者,制造商
参考例句:
  • He is a trouble maker,You must be distant with him.他是个捣蛋鬼,你不要跟他在一起。
  • A cabinet maker must be a master craftsman.家具木工必须是技艺高超的手艺人。
13 vaccinated 8f16717462e6e6db3389d0f736409983     
[医]已接种的,种痘的,接种过疫菌的
参考例句:
  • I was vaccinated against tetanus. 我接种了破伤风疫苗。
  • Were you vaccinated against smallpox as a child? 你小时候打过天花疫苗吗?
14 aged 6zWzdI     
adj.年老的,陈年的
参考例句:
  • He had put on weight and aged a little.他胖了,也老点了。
  • He is aged,but his memory is still good.他已年老,然而记忆力还好。
15 immunity dygyQ     
n.优惠;免除;豁免,豁免权
参考例句:
  • The law gives public schools immunity from taxation.法律免除公立学校的纳税义务。
  • He claims diplomatic immunity to avoid being arrested.他要求外交豁免以便避免被捕。
16 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
17 applied Tz2zXA     
adj.应用的;v.应用,适用
参考例句:
  • She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
  • This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。
18 advisory lKvyj     
adj.劝告的,忠告的,顾问的,提供咨询
参考例句:
  • I have worked in an advisory capacity with many hospitals.我曾在多家医院做过顾问工作。
  • He was appointed to the advisory committee last month.他上个月获任命为顾问委员会委员。
19 apparently tMmyQ     
adv.显然地;表面上,似乎
参考例句:
  • An apparently blind alley leads suddenly into an open space.山穷水尽,豁然开朗。
  • He was apparently much surprised at the news.他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。
20 wane bpRyR     
n.衰微,亏缺,变弱;v.变小,亏缺,呈下弦
参考例句:
  • The moon is on the wane.月亮渐亏。
  • Her enthusiasm for him was beginning to wane.她对他的热情在开始减退。
21 shortcuts ebf87251d092a6de9c12cc3e85c1707a     
n.捷径( shortcut的名词复数 );近路;快捷办法;被切短的东西(尤指烟草)
参考例句:
  • In other words, experts want shortcuts to everything. 换句话说,专家需要所有的快捷方式。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
  • Offer shortcuts from the Help menu. 在帮助菜单中提供快捷方式。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
22 distressing cuTz30     
a.使人痛苦的
参考例句:
  • All who saw the distressing scene revolted against it. 所有看到这种悲惨景象的人都对此感到难过。
  • It is distressing to see food being wasted like this. 这样浪费粮食令人痛心。

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