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科学美国人60秒 研究人员分析民间音乐,发现生活和艺术的相似之处

时间:2022-06-09 02:43:42

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(单词翻译)

Researchers Analyzed2 Folk Music like It Was DNA3: They Found Parallels between Life and Art

研究人员分析民间音乐,发现生活和艺术的相似之处

Karen Hopkin: This is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I’m Karen Hopkin.

You’re probably familiar with the concept of evolution. Living things evolve by accumulating genetic4 changes, which are then weeded out or preserved through a process of natural selection.

Turns out the same thing happens in music. And by using the same software that’s used to track mutations in genes5, researchers have mapped out the sorts of changes that shape the evolution of songs. The findings appear in the journal Current Biology. [Patrick E. Savage6 et. al, Sequence alignment7 of folk song melodies reveals cross-cultural regularities8 of musical evolution]

Patrick Savage: I’ve always loved music since I was a child.

凯伦霍普金:这是科学美国人的 60 秒科学。 我是凯伦霍普金。

您可能熟悉进化的概念。 生物通过积累遗传变化而进化,然后通过自然选择过程将其淘汰或保存。

事实证明,同样的事情也发生在音乐中。 通过使用用于追踪基因突变的同一软件,研究人员已经绘制出了影响歌曲进化的各种变化。 研究结果发表在《当代生物学》杂志上。 [帕特里克·E·萨维奇等。 al,民歌旋律的序列排列揭示了音乐演变的跨文化规律]

Patrick Savage:我从小就喜欢音乐。

Hopkin: Patrick Savage, an ethnomusicologist at Keio University in Fujisawa, Japan.

霍普金:Patrick Savage,日本藤泽庆应义塾大学的民族音乐学家。

Savage: I grew up singing English folk songs. My dad really likes folk music and often has his friends come over and do jam sessions at home. Then, when I moved to Japan about 11 years ago, I started studying Japanese folk songs. And I really liked that repertoire9, too.

Savage:我是唱着英国民歌长大的。 我爸爸非常喜欢民间音乐,经常让他的朋友过来在家做即兴演奏。 然后,当我大约 11 年前移居日本时,我开始学习日本民歌。 我也很喜欢那个曲目。

Hopkin: The style was very different from the music he grew up with.

霍普金:风格与他长大的音乐非常不同。

Savage: So, like [sings tonal sounds].

Savage:所以,就像[唱音调的声音]。

Hopkin: Yet the way the songs are learned, by trying to imitate a recording10 or a teacher, is pretty much the same.

霍普金:然而,通过模仿录音或老师来学习歌曲的方式几乎是一样的。

Savage: So it made sense to test these ideas about “Are these general evolutionary11 rules that we find in music, especially in these folk songs, repertoires12 I know, that would kind of parallel what we find in genetics and allow us to get a more sort of general unifying13 theory about music and evolution across different cultures?”

Savage:因此,测试这些想法是有意义的:“我们在音乐中发现的这些一般进化规则,尤其是在这些民歌中,我知道的曲目,这与我们在遗传学中发现的相似,并让我们获得更多 某种关于音乐和不同文化进化的普遍统一理论?”

Hopkin: At first, he and his colleagues hoped to tackle a huge reconstruction14 of the family tree of all folk music.

霍普金:起初,他和他的同事希望解决所有民间音乐家谱的巨大重建问题。

Savage: But kind of quickly, [we] realized that it was very—it would be quite challenging to do because when you build these phylogenies, these family trees, you kind of have to make a lot of assumptions about how the process works.

Savage:但是很快,[我们] 意识到这非常——这将非常具有挑战性,因为当你建立这些系统发育、这些家谱时,你必须对这个过程的运作方式做出很多假设。

Hopkin: So, for example, geneticists know what kinds of mutations crop up in DNA—and with what frequency—information they can then use to assemble and calibrate15 their gene-based phylogenetic trees. But Savage says they didn’t have the same level of knowledge for music.

霍普金:因此,例如,遗传学家知道 DNA 中会出现哪些类型的突变——以及以何种频率出现——然后他们可以使用这些信息来组装和校准基于基因的系统发育树。 但萨维奇说他们对音乐的了解程度不同。

Savage: So we decided16 that, rather than try to do the big reconstructions17, we would first focus on the simplest case, which is the pairs.

Savage:所以我们决定,与其尝试进行大的重构,不如先关注最简单的情况,即配对。

Hopkin: Savage and his team combed through enormous catalogs of English and Japanese folk songs to identify pairs of melodies that were clearly related—like two different versions of the song “Scarborough Fair,” which is actually based on a traditional English ballad18 about an elfin knight19.

霍普金:Savage 和他的团队梳理了大量的英语和日语民歌目录,找出了明显相关的一对旋律——比如歌曲“斯卡伯勒集市”的两个不同版本,它实际上是基于一首关于小精灵的传统英国民谣 骑士。

[CLIP: Woman sings “Scarborough Fair”]

Savage: With the English ones, people had been going out there and notating things by ear since at least the early 1900s.

Savage:对于英国人来说,至少从 1900 年代初开始,人们就一直在外面用耳朵记录事物。

Hopkin: And by the mid-1900s, a similar process had begun in Japan.

霍普金:到 1900 年代中期,日本也开始了类似的过程。

Savage: They just kind of sent teams of scholars out throughout all of Japan and said, “We need to collect all the folk songs before they disappear.”

萨维奇:他们只是派了一批学者到日本全境,说:“我们需要在它们消失之前收集所有的民歌。”

Hopkin: So Savage had a pool of some 10,000 tunes20 to work with.

霍普金:所以 Savage 有大约 10,000 首曲子可供使用。

Savage: I just had to go through and just and look at the notations21 in the anthologies and kind of sing them to myself as I converted them into these sequences of text—Cs and Ds and Gs and things like that—so we could run the sequence alignment algorithms on them.

Savage:我只需要仔细阅读选集中的符号,然后在将它们转换成这些文本序列(Cs、Ds 和 Gs 之类的)时对自己唱歌,这样我们就可以运行 序列比对算法。

Hopkin: So what did team Savage learn? Well, a few things.

霍普金:那么 Savage 团队学到了什么? 嗯,有几件事。

Savage: One was that more functional22 notes, notes that had stronger rhythm functions, would be more stable.

Savage:一个是功能性更强的音符,节奏功能更强的音符,会更稳定。

Hopkin: So notes that are key to the melody.

霍普金:所以音符是旋律的关键。

Savage: You listen to “Scarborough Fair,” the end, you know, “She once was a true love of mine.” The final note is a very strong downbeat. And it’s also the last note where you’re kind of always expecting a note. So very rarely would you end on like “She once was a true love of mine.” It feels very unfinished. Likewise, you would never expect that note to just be deleted. You wouldn’t expect “She once was a true love of....” That would just be very strange.

Savage:你听“斯卡伯勒集市”的结尾,你知道,“她曾经是我的真爱。” 最后一个音符是一个非常强烈的悲观。 这也是你总是期待一个音符的最后一个音符。 所以你很少会像“她曾经是我的真爱”这样结束。 感觉很没完没了。 同样,您永远不会期望该注释会被删除。 你不会想到“她曾经是……的真爱”,那会很奇怪。

Hopkin: Next, they found that when one note mutates to another note, the changes tend to be small.

霍普金:接下来,他们发现当一个音符突变为另一个音符时,变化往往很小。

Savage: So like one or two semitones above or below where it would have been rather than six or seven semitones. Which would be a difference of like, [sings] “la la” versus23 like [sings] “la la.”

Savage:所以就像在本来应该是六或七个半音的地方高出或低一两个半音。 这将是一个区别,[sings] “la la” 与 like [sings] “la la”。

Hopkin: Here, for example, Savage sings snippets of a Japanese lullaby.

霍普金:例如,在这里,萨维奇会唱日本摇篮曲的片段。

Savage: These ones have different lyrics24 but almost the same melody. The first one was notated from the singing of Tonsui Kikuchi. And it sounds something like this [sings].

And the second one, notated from the singing of Shigeri Kitsu, sounds like this [sings].

So the differences there, for example, the last one [sings] versus [sings] are very small, just a semitone difference, but [they are] an example of a small substitution distance.

Savage:这些歌词不同,但旋律几乎相同。 第一个是菊地通水的歌声。 听起来像这样[唱歌]。

第二个,从 Shigeri Kitsu 的歌声中记录下来,听起来像这样 [sings]。

所以那里的差异,例如,最后一个 [sings] 与 [sings] 非常小,只是半音差异,但 [它们是] 小替换距离的一个例子。

Hopkin: Such small substitutions have minimal25 effect on the overall melody. So they’re the essentially26 the musical equivalent of what geneticists call a “neutral mutation,” one that doesn’t alter an organism’s fitness.

Now, all that seems pretty straightforward27. But the next finding was a bit of a surprise.

霍普金:这样小的替换对整体旋律的影响很小。 因此,它们本质上是遗传学家所谓的“中性突变”的音乐等价物,不会改变生物体的适应性。

现在,这一切似乎都很简单。 但接下来的发现有点出人意料。

Savage: There’s two different kinds of mutations you can have in genetics or music. The substitutions are one-note changes to another note. Or you can have an insertion or deletion where a note is either inserted or deleted from the sequence or a nucleotide is inserted or deleted from the sequence. In genetics, these are very rare.

Savage:您可以在遗传学或音乐中进行两种不同的突变。 替换是一个音符对另一个音符的变化。 或者,您可以进行插入或删除,其中在序列中插入或删除注释,或者从序列中插入或删除核苷酸。 在遗传学中,这些是非常罕见的。

Hopkin: That’s because the instructions carried by genes are read in sets of three nucleotides. Add or remove just one, and you throw off the whole register, which messes up the rest of the message.

霍普金:那是因为基因携带的指令是以三个核苷酸为一组读取的。 只添加或删除一个,你就会扔掉整个寄存器,这会弄乱消息的其余部分。

Savage: But we found, in music, insertions/deletions were actually quite a bit more common than the substitutions.

Savage:但我们发现,在音乐中,插入/删除实际上比替换更常见。

Hopkin: That’s because they can easily be accommodated by holding other notes longer or singing some faster, leaving the melody intact. So in one version of “Scarborough Fair” ...

霍普金:那是因为他们可以很容易地通过将其他音符保持更长的时间或更快地唱一些来适应它们,从而保持旋律完整。 所以在“斯卡伯勒集市”的一个版本中......

Savage: So Martin Carthy kinda sings, “Parsley sa-a-age, rosemary and thyme.” And Simon and Garfunkel just sing “parsley, sage28, rosemary and thyme.” So, this little “sa-a-age” ornament29 is just deleted. But they just sing the “sage” a little bit longer, and it takes up the same amount of rhythmic30 space.

Savage:所以马丁卡锡有点唱,“欧芹,迷迭香和百里香。” 西蒙和加芬克尔只唱“欧芹、鼠尾草、迷迭香和百里香”。 所以,这个小小的“sa-a-age”装饰就被删除了。 但他们只是唱“圣人”的时间长了一点,它占用了同样多的节奏空间。

Hopkin: Savage says that many of these mutations, like their genetic counterparts, are probably accidental.

霍普金:萨维奇说,许多这些突变,就像它们的基因对应物一样,可能是偶然的。

Savage: That’s what I do when I learn songs. I’ll be learning from my singer, and then I’ll record myself singing, and I’ll realize that I’ve sung a couple of notes a little bit different—a little bit higher here, a little bit lower there. Or I added an extra note by accident. I’m usually not consciously trying to change what my teacher has sung. But it’s just easy to crop up.

Savage:这就是我学习歌曲时所做的。 我会向我的歌手学习,然后我会录制自己的歌声,我会意识到我唱的几个音符有点不同——这里高一点,那里低一点。 或者我不小心添加了一个额外的注释。 我通常不会有意识地试图改变我老师唱的东西。 但这很容易出现。

Hopkin: Using a genetic approach to analyze1 melodies also has some practical applications.

霍普金:使用遗传方法分析旋律也有一些实际应用。

Savage: We can apply these sequence alignment techniques to quantify how similar two songs are and how likely the changes are to happen and sort of have little bit more quantitative31 evidence for these high-profile multimillion-dollar [copyright] cases like “Blurred Lines” or George Harrison’s case with the Chiffons and “My Sweet Lord”/“He’s So Fine.”

Savage:我们可以应用这些序列比对技术来量化两首歌曲的相似程度以及发生变化的可能性,并且为这些备受瞩目的数百万美元 [版权] 案例(例如“模糊线条”)提供更多定量证据 或者乔治哈里森的雪纺案和“我亲爱的主”/“他很好”。

Hopkin: At the same time, Savage looks forward to continuing to explore music’s ancestral roots as a scientist and as a musician.

霍普金:与此同时,萨维奇期待作为科学家和音乐家继续探索音乐的祖源。

Savage: Everyone’s always inspired by the great musicians of the past. But, like, these currents of evolution go back hundreds of thousands of years. So, yeah, it’s kind of this sort of connection with other humans through music at a very deep level and throughout time is one that kind of excites me as a performer.

Savage:每个人总是受到过去伟大音乐家的启发。 但是,就像,这些进化潮流可以追溯到数十万年前。 所以,是的,这是一种通过音乐与其他人类建立非常深层次的联系,并且贯穿整个时间,这让我作为一名表演者感到兴奋。

Hopkin: And it makes his science sing.

霍普金:这让他进行科学歌唱。

[CLIP: Patrick Savage and Gakuto Chiba sing the same Japanese folk song, “Kuroda Bushi”]

Hopkin: Special thanks to Pat Savage and his student Gakuto Chiba for their vocals32. And a final note on “Scarborough Fair.” The first version you heard came by way of Wikimedia Commons user Makemi. We’ll include a link to that recording in the podcast transcript33. And our bonus, hidden track was sung by Mrs. G. A. Griffith in 1939, recorded by John and Ruby34 Lomax.

Hopkin: For Scientific American’s 60-Second Science, I’m Karen Hopkin.

霍普金:特别感谢 Pat Savage 和他的学生 Gakuto Chiba 的演唱。 最后是关于“斯卡伯勒集市”的说明。 您听到的第一个版本来自 Wikimedia Commons 用户 Makemi。 我们将在播客记录中包含指向该录音的链接。 1939 年,G.A. Griffith 夫人演唱了我们的隐藏曲目,由 John 和 Ruby Lomax 录制。

霍普金:对于科学美国人的 60 秒科学,我是凯伦霍普金。


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 analyze RwUzm     
vt.分析,解析 (=analyse)
参考例句:
  • We should analyze the cause and effect of this event.我们应该分析这场事变的因果。
  • The teacher tried to analyze the cause of our failure.老师设法分析我们失败的原因。
2 analyzed 483f1acae53789fbee273a644fdcda80     
v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 );分解;解释;对…进行心理分析
参考例句:
  • The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程,因为对他来说,爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》
3 DNA 4u3z1l     
(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
参考例句:
  • DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
  • Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。
4 genetic PgIxp     
adj.遗传的,遗传学的
参考例句:
  • It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
5 genes 01914f8eac35d7e14afa065217edd8c0     
n.基因( gene的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因,所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪
6 savage ECxzR     
adj.野蛮的;凶恶的,残暴的;n.未开化的人
参考例句:
  • The poor man received a savage beating from the thugs.那可怜的人遭到暴徒的痛打。
  • He has a savage temper.他脾气粗暴。
7 alignment LK8yZ     
n.队列;结盟,联合
参考例句:
  • The church should have no political alignment.教会不应与政治结盟。
  • Britain formed a close alignment with Egypt in the last century.英国在上个世纪与埃及结成了紧密的联盟。
8 regularities 91d74d4bc613e82577a408cf62b74e5f     
规则性( regularity的名词复数 ); 正规; 有规律的事物; 端正
参考例句:
  • They felt that all the regularities in nature have a purpose. 他们感到自然界一切有规律的事物均有目的性。
  • Our experience meanwhile is all shot through with regularities. 我们的经验同时也都具有规律性。 来自哲学部分
9 repertoire 2BCze     
n.(准备好演出的)节目,保留剧目;(计算机的)指令表,指令系统, <美>(某个人的)全部技能;清单,指令表
参考例句:
  • There is an extensive repertoire of music written for the flute.有很多供长笛演奏的曲目。
  • He has added considerably to his piano repertoire.他的钢琴演奏曲目大大增加了。
10 recording UktzJj     
n.录音,记录
参考例句:
  • How long will the recording of the song take?录下这首歌得花多少时间?
  • I want to play you a recording of the rehearsal.我想给你放一下彩排的录像。
11 evolutionary Ctqz7m     
adj.进化的;演化的,演变的;[生]进化论的
参考例句:
  • Life has its own evolutionary process.生命有其自身的进化过程。
  • These are fascinating questions to be resolved by the evolutionary studies of plants.这些十分吸引人的问题将在研究植物进化过程中得以解决。
12 repertoires 2941e2e9c109c1291abef586f3036aad     
全部节目( repertoire的名词复数 ); 演奏曲目
参考例句:
  • There were huge repertoires of pipa music in Chinese history, particularly during the Tang Dynasty. 这种情况在我国古代诗词中有大量的记载。
13 unifying 18f99ec3e0286dcc4f6f318a4d8aa539     
使联合( unify的现在分词 ); 使相同; 使一致; 统一
参考例句:
  • In addition, there were certain religious bonds of a unifying kind. 此外,他们还有某种具有一种统一性质的宗教上的结合。
  • There is a unifying theme, and that is the theme of information flow within biological systems. 我们可以用一个总的命题,把生物学系统内的信息流来作为这一研究主题。
14 reconstruction 3U6xb     
n.重建,再现,复原
参考例句:
  • The country faces a huge task of national reconstruction following the war.战后,该国面临着重建家园的艰巨任务。
  • In the period of reconstruction,technique decides everything.在重建时期,技术决定一切。
15 calibrate vTvyu     
校准;使合标准;测量(枪的)口径
参考例句:
  • Pesticide levels in food are simply too difficult to calibrate.食品中杀虫剂的含量很难精确测定。
16 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
17 reconstructions b68a36323018dfe7d6624e864a340794     
重建( reconstruction的名词复数 ); 再现; 重建物; 复原物
参考例句:
  • Multicolored reconstructions have been formed using (black and white) volume holographic plates. 利用黑白体积全息片已经做成了彩色重建象。
  • The method gives ways to evaluate collision speed in traffic accident reconstructions. 该模型为交通事故再现推算碰撞速度提供了有效实用的方法。
18 ballad zWozz     
n.歌谣,民谣,流行爱情歌曲
参考例句:
  • This poem has the distinctive flavour of a ballad.这首诗有民歌风味。
  • This is a romantic ballad that is pure corn.这是一首极为伤感的浪漫小曲。
19 knight W2Hxk     
n.骑士,武士;爵士
参考例句:
  • He was made an honourary knight.他被授予荣誉爵士称号。
  • A knight rode on his richly caparisoned steed.一个骑士骑在装饰华丽的马上。
20 tunes 175b0afea09410c65d28e4b62c406c21     
n.曲调,曲子( tune的名词复数 )v.调音( tune的第三人称单数 );调整;(给收音机、电视等)调谐;使协调
参考例句:
  • a potpourri of tunes 乐曲集锦
  • When things get a bit too much, she simply tunes out temporarily. 碰到事情太棘手时,她干脆暂时撒手不管。 来自《简明英汉词典》
21 notations 36b4537b902365db6afac5ae2e6e132e     
记号,标记法( notation的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • He was frowning and wishing he could decode the notations on the slips. 他皱着眉,挖空心思地想认出赌签上的记号。 来自教父部分
  • In section 2, we give some notations and some lemmas. 在本文第二部分,我们给出一些符号及引理。
22 functional 5hMxa     
adj.为实用而设计的,具备功能的,起作用的
参考例句:
  • The telephone was out of order,but is functional now.电话刚才坏了,但现在可以用了。
  • The furniture is not fancy,just functional.这些家具不是摆着好看的,只是为了实用。
23 versus wi7wU     
prep.以…为对手,对;与…相比之下
参考例句:
  • The big match tonight is England versus Spain.今晚的大赛是英格兰对西班牙。
  • The most exciting game was Harvard versus Yale.最富紧张刺激的球赛是哈佛队对耶鲁队。
24 lyrics ko5zoz     
n.歌词
参考例句:
  • music and lyrics by Rodgers and Hart 由罗杰斯和哈特作词作曲
  • The book contains lyrics and guitar tablatures for over 100 songs. 这本书有100多首歌的歌词和吉他奏法谱。
25 minimal ODjx6     
adj.尽可能少的,最小的
参考例句:
  • They referred to this kind of art as minimal art.他们把这种艺术叫微型艺术。
  • I stayed with friends, so my expenses were minimal.我住在朋友家,所以我的花费很小。
26 essentially nntxw     
adv.本质上,实质上,基本上
参考例句:
  • Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
  • She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。
27 straightforward fFfyA     
adj.正直的,坦率的;易懂的,简单的
参考例句:
  • A straightforward talk is better than a flowery speech.巧言不如直说。
  • I must insist on your giving me a straightforward answer.我一定要你给我一个直截了当的回答。
28 sage sCUz2     
n.圣人,哲人;adj.贤明的,明智的
参考例句:
  • I was grateful for the old man's sage advice.我很感激那位老人贤明的忠告。
  • The sage is the instructor of a hundred ages.这位哲人是百代之师。
29 ornament u4czn     
v.装饰,美化;n.装饰,装饰物
参考例句:
  • The flowers were put on the table for ornament.花放在桌子上做装饰用。
  • She wears a crystal ornament on her chest.她的前胸戴了一个水晶饰品。
30 rhythmic rXexv     
adj.有节奏的,有韵律的
参考例句:
  • Her breathing became more rhythmic.她的呼吸变得更有规律了。
  • Good breathing is slow,rhythmic and deep.健康的呼吸方式缓慢深沉而有节奏。
31 quantitative TCpyg     
adj.数量的,定量的
参考例句:
  • He said it was only a quantitative difference.他说这仅仅是数量上的差别。
  • We need to do some quantitative analysis of the drugs.我们对药物要进行定量分析。
32 vocals fe5262cfb22a0b2ee8d36fbf8b3f4942     
(乐曲中的)歌唱部份,声乐部份( vocal的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Also look out for soaring vocals on The Right Man. 另外,也可留意一下《意中人》中的那高亢的唱腔。
  • Lazy bass line, lazier drums, lush violins, great piano and incomparable vocals. 懒惰的低音线,较懒惰的鼓,饮小提琴,棒的钢琴和无比的声音。
33 transcript JgpzUp     
n.抄本,誊本,副本,肄业证书
参考例句:
  • A transcript of the tapes was presented as evidence in court.一份录音带的文字本作为证据被呈交法庭。
  • They wouldn't let me have a transcript of the interview.他们拒绝给我一份采访的文字整理稿。
34 ruby iXixS     
n.红宝石,红宝石色
参考例句:
  • She is wearing a small ruby earring.她戴着一枚红宝石小耳环。
  • On the handle of his sword sat the biggest ruby in the world.他的剑柄上镶有一颗世上最大的红宝石。

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