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科学美国人60秒 第二次加强针,下一波带口罩和明智风险决策

时间:2022-06-24 06:05:38

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(单词翻译)

Tanya Lewis: Hi, and welcome to COVID, Quickly, a Scientific American podcast series.

Josh Fischman: This is your fast-track update on the COVID pandemic. We bring you up to speed on the science behind the most urgent questions about the virus and the disease. We demystify the research and help you understand what it really means.

Tanya Lewis:您好,欢迎收看美国科学播客系列《COVID, Quickly》。

Josh Fischman:这是您对 COVID 大流行的快速更新。 我们让您快速了解有关病毒和疾病的最紧迫问题背后的科学。 我们揭开研究的神秘面纱,并帮助您了解它的真正含义。

Lewis: I’m Tanya Lewis.

Fischman: I’m Josh Fischman.

刘易斯:我是坦尼娅·刘易斯。

菲施曼:我是乔什·菲施曼。

Lewis: And we’re Scientific American’s senior health editors. Today, we’ll talk about the plan for a second vaccine1 booster shot…

刘易斯:我们是《科学美国人》的高级健康编辑。 今天,我们将讨论第二次疫苗加强注射的计划……

Fischman: The prospects2 of a new COVID wave and whether people will put on masks to stop it …

Fischman:新一轮 COVID 浪潮的前景以及人们是否会戴上口罩来阻止它……

Lewis: And how to think about COVID risk when it comes to everyday activities.

刘易斯:以及在日常活动中如何考虑 COVID 风险。

Fischman: This week the FDA authorized4 a second booster shot, on top of the one given last year. That would be four shots total for me, Tanya. Why this new one?

Fischman:本周 FDA 批准了第二次加强注射,在去年给予的基础上。 坦尼娅,对我来说一共是四枪。 为什么是这个新的?

Lewis: It happened sooner than I expected, Josh, although the scientific community had been debating whether additional booster shots were needed for some time. Normally, the FDA holds a meeting of its advisory5 committee before deciding whether to authorize3 vaccines6 or boosters, but that didn’t happen this time.

刘易斯:它发生得比我预期的要早,乔希,尽管科学界一直在争论是否需要额外的助推剂有一段时间了。 通常情况下,FDA 在决定是否批准疫苗或加强剂之前会召开其咨询委员会会议,但这次没有发生这种情况。

The move makes boosters available to adults age 50 and older, and anyone 12 and older who is immunocompromised, four months after their first booster shot. For people who had two shots and a booster, this would be their fourth shot. For some immunocompromised folks, this would be their fifth shot.

此举使 50 岁及以上的成年人以及任何 12 岁及以上免疫功能低下的人在第一次加强注射后四个月都可以使用加强剂。 对于有两针疫苗和一针加强针的人来说,这将是他们的第四针。 对于一些免疫功能低下的人来说,这将是他们的第五针。

Fischman: That’s a bunch of jabs. Why does the FDA think we need this new one?

Fischman:那是一堆刺拳。 为什么 FDA 认为我们需要这个新的?

Lewis: It was based on some evidence that immune protection against severe disease wanes7 over time in these groups. A recent CDC report found that protection against hospitalization waned8 from 91 percent to 78 percent four months after a third dose.

刘易斯:这是基于一些证据表明,这些群体对严重疾病的免疫保护会随着时间的推移而减弱。 CDC 最近的一份报告发现,在第三次给药四个月后,对住院的保护从 91% 下降到 78%。

But some experts are not convinced a second booster shot will significantly improve immunity9. It may top up antibodies for a few months, but at a certain point with additional shots, we may see diminishing returns.

For those who haven’t gotten their first booster yet, that is important to do. And if you’re older or higher risk, you might want to consider getting a second booster after four months to top up your protection.

但一些专家不相信第二次加强注射会显着提高免疫力。 它可能会在几个月内补充抗体,但在某个时间点加上额外的注射,我们可能会看到收益递减。

对于那些还没有获得第一针加强针的人来说,这很重要。 如果您年龄较大或风险较高,您可能需要考虑在四个月后获得第二次加强针以补充您的保护。

Lewis: It seems like many people have ditched their masks, and health officials are allowing it. But if a new COVID surge comes, Josh, will people put them on again?

刘易斯:似乎很多人都放弃了口罩,卫生官员也允许这样做。 但是,如果出现新的 COVID 激增,乔希,人们会再次戴上它们吗?

Fischman: That’s a really important question, because some kind of surge is coming, and we know masks stop infections. The effectiveness of a good mask like an N95 is beyond dispute, as you’ve pointed10 out, Tanya.

Fischman:这是一个非常重要的问题,因为某种激增即将到来,而且我们知道口罩可以阻止感染。 正如您所指出的,Tanya,像 N95 这样的好口罩的有效性是无可争议的。

And we will face more COVID. Infections and hospitalizations have started to rise in Europe. The new BA.2 variant11 is becoming more common there and in the U.S. And, like Europe, we’ve cut back on masks and on restrictions12. So we’re likely to see something, a spike13, a surge, or whatever you want to call it. It’s not clear how big it will be.

我们将面临更多的新冠病毒。 欧洲的感染和住院人数开始上升。 新的 BA.2 变体在那里和美国变得越来越普遍。而且,像欧洲一样,我们减少了口罩和限制。 所以我们可能会看到一些东西,一个尖峰,一个激增,或者任何你想称之为的东西。 目前尚不清楚它将有多大。

But if it gets above a certain level, we should put masks back on,?according to the CDC. If cases and hospitalizations per 100,000 people in your area jump up—by 20 hospitalizations in a week, if you’re starting from a low level of cases—then put on a mask when you’re indoors with other people.

但如果超过一定水平,我们应该重新戴上口罩,?根据 CDC 的说法。 如果您所在地区每 100,000 人中的病例数和住院人数猛增(如果您的病例数从低水平开始,则每周增加 20 次住院),那么当您与其他人在室内时,请戴上口罩。

Lewis: But masks aren’t just health aids. During the pandemic they’ve become political symbols. Some people are really pro-mask and others are adamantly14 opposed to them.

刘易斯:但口罩不仅仅是健康辅助工具。 在大流行期间,它们已成为政治象征。 有些人真的很支持口罩,而另一些人则坚决反对。

Fischman: Exactly. So how’s that going to play out in the future? I asked an expert on mask attitudes, Emily Mendenhall, a medical anthropologist15 at Georgetown University. She just published a book called UNMASKED, based on research in communities in Iowa and in California.

费施曼:没错。 那么这将如何在未来发挥作用? 我询问了戴口罩态度方面的专家,乔治城大学的医学人类学家艾米莉·门登霍尔。根据爱荷华州和加利福尼亚州的社区研究,她刚刚出版了一本书,名为 UNMASKED。

Emily’s talked with us about masks on an earlier episode. She says anti-mask feelings stem partly from perceptions of low disease risk. People would unmask if they weren’t worried about themselves. Maybe they were younger and didn’t think the disease would make them sick. And partly it was political. People said they didn’t want governments dictating16 their behavior. They had legitimate17 worries about business closures and their ability to make a living. But it was also about making a public show of defiance18. Masks got caught up in all that.

艾米丽在前一集中与我们讨论了口罩。 她说,反口罩的感觉部分源于对疾病风险低的看法。 如果他们不担心自己,人们就会揭开口罩。 也许他们更年轻,并不认为这种疾病会让他们生病。 部分原因是政治性的。 人们说他们不希望政府支配他们的行为。 他们对企业倒闭和谋生能力有合理的担忧。 但这也是为了公开展示反抗。 口罩被卷入了这一切。

Pro-mask feelings came from an idea that we faced a collective risk. In the street, Emily says, people would talk about the need to work together and protect one another. And obviously they also felt they were in danger as individuals, and they trusted government guidelines.

支持口罩的感觉来自于我们面临集体风险的想法。 艾米丽说,在街上,人们会谈论合作和相互保护的必要性。 显然,他们也觉得自己作为个人处于危险之中,他们相信政府的指导方针。

As the pandemic has worn on, these collective worries have faded in many places. And mask-wearing has faded with them. Without actual rules such as mandates19, people in those areas are unlikely to put masks back on.

随着大流行的蔓延,这些集体担忧在许多地方已经消退。 戴口罩也随着他们褪色。 如果没有授权等实际规则,这些地区的人们不太可能重新戴上口罩。

But Emily says there’s another group we overlook: the “sometime maskers.” That’s about 1 in 3 people in her research. They’re all political moderates. Sometimes government does a good job, they say, and sometimes not. Sometimes the media is trustable, other times not so much. And sometimes they wear a mask. There are huge swaths of Americans who would put on a mask if they were around someone with a weak immune system, or someone older, or at risk in some way.

但艾米丽说我们忽略了另一个群体:“有时掩饰者”。 在她的研究中,大约有三分之一的人。 他们都是政治温和派。 他们说,有时政府做得很好,有时则不然。 有时媒体是值得信赖的,有时则不然。 有时他们戴着口罩。 如果周围有免疫系统较弱的人,或者年龄较大的人,或者在某种程度上处于危险之中,有大量的美国人会戴上口罩。

So the focus should be on sometime maskers. That’s who’s willing to listen to mask promotion20 if COVID starts to peak in their communities. It’s a sizeable group, Emily says. They could be a part of making mask-wearing seem normal, especially in times of danger, and making it normal is key.

因此,有时应将重点放在掩蔽者上。 如果 COVID 开始在他们的社区中达到顶峰,那就是愿意听口罩促销的人。 艾米丽说,这是一个相当大的群体。 它们可能是让戴口罩看起来很正常的一部分,尤其是在危险的时候,而让它变得正常是关键。

Emily still thinks mandates are important, but she understands there’s a lot of resistance. If these sometimes-maskers put on N95s, they could start a whole surge of protection.

艾米丽仍然认为授权很重要,但她知道有很多阻力。 如果这些有时戴上口罩的人戴上 N95,他们可能会开始全面保护。

Fischman: Clearly people are growing tired of restrictions as we head into Pandemic Year Three. Many are eager to get back to doing things they enjoy again. Is there a smart way to evaluate any risks as we venture out more often?

Fischman:随着我们进入大流行第三年,人们显然越来越厌倦了限制。 许多人渴望重新做他们喜欢的事情。 当我们更频繁地冒险时,是否有一种聪明的方法来评估任何风险?

Lewis: We’re definitely getting to the point, Josh, where people are tired of wearing masks, social distancing, and avoiding the people and places they enjoy. But the virus hasn’t gone away, and it isn’t likely to anytime soon. There will always be some level of risk, but as with everything in life, we have to find ways to balance risks with benefits.

刘易斯:乔希,我们肯定要说到点子上了,人们厌倦了戴口罩、保持社交距离以及避开他们喜欢的人和地方。 但病毒并没有消失,而且不太可能很快消失。 总会有一定程度的风险,但就像生活中的一切一样,我们必须找到平衡风险与收益的方法。

One of our freelancers21, Sri De-va-bhak-tuni, is working on a story for us about this. He asked a number of experts in epidemiology, risk assessment22, and related fields how they make their own decisions about COVID risk.

我们的一位自由职业者 Sri De-va-bhak-tuni 正在为我们撰写一个关于此的故事。 他询问了一些流行病学、风险评估和相关领域的专家,他们如何自行决定 COVID 风险。

We can think about risk in three different ways, they said: there’s personal risk, which is the risk of you or people in your household contracting COVID; there’s community risk, which is the likelihood of encountering someone with COVID in your local community; and there’s exposure risk, which accounts for the chances of getting COVID from a particular setting based on things like airflow and the behavior of other people.

他们说,我们可以从三种不同的方式考虑风险:存在个人风险,即您或您家中的人感染 COVID 的风险; 存在社区风险,即在您当地社区遇到感染 COVID 的人的可能性; 并且存在暴露风险,这说明了根据气流和其他人的行为等因素从特定环境中感染 COVID 的机会。

Katelyn Jetelina, an epidemiologist at the University of Texas, Houston, says that age is the biggest personal risk factor, followed by having certain comorbidities or being immunocompromised. She estimates that vaccinated23 and boosted people in their 60s have a 10 times higher likelihood of dying from a severe breakthrough case than 18- to 49-year-olds. People who are at higher risk should talk with their doctor about what risks are reasonable. There may be some activities that are safe if you take precautions such as wearing an N95 mask, for example.

德克萨斯大学休斯顿分校的流行病学家凯特琳·杰特琳娜 (Katelyn Jetelina) 表示,年龄是最大的个人风险因素,其次是患有某些合并症或免疫功能低下。 她估计,与 18 至 49 岁的人相比,60 多岁接种疫苗和加强免疫的人死于严重突破性病例的可能性要高 10 倍。 风险较高的人应该与他们的医生讨论哪些风险是合理的。 如果您采取预防措施,例如戴上 N95 口罩,可能有些活动是安全的。

Then there’s community risk – in other words, the risk that the person next to you has COVID. There’s not one metric that perfectly24 captures this risk, but you can look at things like daily cases per 100,000 residents. Jetelina considers a figure below 50 cases per 100,000 to be lower risk, and she might feel comfortable removing her mask indoors. Others use a lower threshold of 10 cases per 100,000. But since not everyone who has COVID is getting tested, a better measure may be the test positivity rate. Anything above 5 percent is considered high risk.

然后是社区风险——换句话说,就是你旁边的人感染新冠病毒的风险。 没有一个指标可以完美地捕捉到这种风险,但您可以查看每 100,000 名居民的每日病例数。 Jetelina 认为每 100,000 人中低于 50 例的数字风险较低,她可能会觉得在室内摘下口罩很舒服。 其他人则使用每 100,000 例 10 例的较低阈值。 但由于并非所有感染 COVID 的人都接受检测,因此更好的衡量标准可能是检测阳性率。 任何高于 5% 的都被视为高风险。

Fischman: What about different settings, like bars or movie theaters or a local park? Where you are affects risk, doesn’t it?

Fischman:不同的环境怎么样,比如酒吧、电影院或当地公园? 你在哪里会影响风险,不是吗?

Lewis: That’s right. Exposure risk is a spectrum—some settings are safer than others. Depending on your personal and community risk levels, you might be more or less comfortable doing things in certain settings.

刘易斯:没错。 暴露风险是一个范围——一些环境比其他环境更安全。 根据您的个人和社区风险水平,您可能会或多或少地在某些环境下做事。

Gyms, for example, are probably one of the highest risk places, because people are exercising and expelling more aerosols25, which spread the virus, says Linsey Marr, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Virginia Tech and an expert on airborne transmission of viruses. Bars are risky26 too, because they may be crowded and have lots of people talking loudly. But museums and movie theaters might be safer because they tend to have higher ceilings, so there’s more air dilution27, and fewer people are talking.

例如,健身房可能是风险最高的地方之一,因为人们正在锻炼和排出更多传播病毒的气溶胶,弗吉尼亚理工大学土木与环境工程教授、病毒空气传播专家林赛马尔说 . 酒吧也有风险,因为它们可能很拥挤,而且有很多人大声说话。 但博物馆和电影院可能更安全,因为它们往往有更高的天花板,所以空气稀释更多,说话的人更少。

If you do go to a bar or restaurant and you want to protect yourself, experts say you can wear a mask and remove it briefly28 to take sips29 or bites, without increasing the risk too much. And N95s protect you pretty well, if they’re well-fitted to your face.

如果您确实去酒吧或餐厅并且想保护自己,专家说您可以戴上口罩并短暂摘下以啜饮或咬一口,而不会增加太多风险。 如果 N95 贴合您的脸部,则可以很好地保护您。

At the end of the day, you have to decide how to balance these risks with the benefits of doing the things that make life worth living.

归根结底,您必须决定如何平衡这些风险和做让生活有价值的事情的好处。

Lewis: Now you’re up to speed. Thanks for joining us. Our show is edited by Jeff DelViscio.

Fischman: Come back in two weeks for the next episode of COVID, Quickly! And check out SciAm.com for updated and in-depth COVID news.

刘易斯:现在你已经跟上进度了。感谢您加入我们。我们的节目由Jeff DelViscio编辑。

Fischman:请在两周后回来观看 COVID 的下一集,快点!查看 SciAm.com 以获取最新和深入的 COVID 新闻。


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 vaccine Ki1wv     
n.牛痘苗,疫苗;adj.牛痘的,疫苗的
参考例句:
  • The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
  • She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。
2 prospects fkVzpY     
n.希望,前途(恒为复数)
参考例句:
  • There is a mood of pessimism in the company about future job prospects. 公司中有一种对工作前景悲观的情绪。
  • They are less sanguine about the company's long-term prospects. 他们对公司的远景不那么乐观。
3 authorize CO1yV     
v.授权,委任;批准,认可
参考例句:
  • He said that he needed to get his supervisor to authorize my refund.他说必须让主管人员批准我的退款。
  • Only the President could authorize the use of the atomic bomb.只有总统才能授权使用原子弹。
4 authorized jyLzgx     
a.委任的,许可的
参考例句:
  • An administrative order is valid if authorized by a statute.如果一个行政命令得到一个法规的认可那么这个命令就是有效的。
5 advisory lKvyj     
adj.劝告的,忠告的,顾问的,提供咨询
参考例句:
  • I have worked in an advisory capacity with many hospitals.我曾在多家医院做过顾问工作。
  • He was appointed to the advisory committee last month.他上个月获任命为顾问委员会委员。
6 vaccines c9bb57973a82c1e95c7cd0f4988a1ded     
疫苗,痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。
  • The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。
7 wanes 2dede4a31d9b2bb3281301f6e37d3968     
v.衰落( wane的第三人称单数 );(月)亏;变小;变暗淡
参考例句:
  • The moon waxes till it becomes full, and then wanes. 月亮渐盈,直到正圆,然后消亏。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • The moon waxes and wanes every month. 月亮每个月都有圆缺。 来自《简明英汉词典》
8 waned 8caaa77f3543242d84956fa53609f27c     
v.衰落( wane的过去式和过去分词 );(月)亏;变小;变暗淡
参考例句:
  • However,my enthusiasm waned.The time I spent at exercises gradually diminished. 然而,我的热情减退了。我在做操上花的时间逐渐减少了。 来自《用法词典》
  • The bicycle craze has waned. 自行车热已冷下去了。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
9 immunity dygyQ     
n.优惠;免除;豁免,豁免权
参考例句:
  • The law gives public schools immunity from taxation.法律免除公立学校的纳税义务。
  • He claims diplomatic immunity to avoid being arrested.他要求外交豁免以便避免被捕。
10 pointed Il8zB4     
adj.尖的,直截了当的
参考例句:
  • He gave me a very sharp pointed pencil.他给我一支削得非常尖的铅笔。
  • She wished to show Mrs.John Dashwood by this pointed invitation to her brother.她想通过对达茨伍德夫人提出直截了当的邀请向她的哥哥表示出来。
11 variant GfuzRt     
adj.不同的,变异的;n.变体,异体
参考例句:
  • We give professional suggestions according to variant tanning stages for each customer.我们针对每位顾客不同的日晒阶段,提供强度适合的晒黑建议。
  • In a variant of this approach,the tests are data- driven.这个方法的一个变种,是数据驱动的测试。
12 restrictions 81e12dac658cfd4c590486dd6f7523cf     
约束( restriction的名词复数 ); 管制; 制约因素; 带限制性的条件(或规则)
参考例句:
  • I found the restrictions irksome. 我对那些限制感到很烦。
  • a snaggle of restrictions 杂乱无章的种种限制
13 spike lTNzO     
n.长钉,钉鞋;v.以大钉钉牢,使...失效
参考例句:
  • The spike pierced the receipts and held them in order.那个钉子穿过那些收据并使之按顺序排列。
  • They'll do anything to spike the guns of the opposition.他们会使出各种手段来挫败对手。
14 adamantly 04699ef05bc87f24be84234d05697dbc     
adv.坚决地,坚定不移地,坚强不屈地
参考例句:
  • "Come over here,"he told her adamantly. “到这边来,”他对她坚定地说。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • His family were adamantly opposed to the marriage. 他的家人坚决反对这门亲事。 来自《简明英汉词典》
15 anthropologist YzgzPk     
n.人类学家,人类学者
参考例句:
  • The lecturer is an anthropologist.这位讲师是人类学家。
  • The anthropologist unearthed the skull of an ancient human at the site.人类学家在这个遗址挖掘出那块古人类的颅骨。
16 dictating 9b59a64fc77acba89b2fa4a927b010fe     
v.大声讲或读( dictate的现在分词 );口授;支配;摆布
参考例句:
  • The manager was dictating a letter to the secretary. 经理在向秘书口授信稿。 来自辞典例句
  • Her face is impassive as she listens to Miller dictating the warrant for her arrest. 她毫无表情地在听米勒口述拘留她的证书。 来自辞典例句
17 legitimate L9ZzJ     
adj.合法的,合理的,合乎逻辑的;v.使合法
参考例句:
  • Sickness is a legitimate reason for asking for leave.生病是请假的一个正当的理由。
  • That's a perfectly legitimate fear.怀有这种恐惧完全在情理之中。
18 defiance RmSzx     
n.挑战,挑衅,蔑视,违抗
参考例句:
  • He climbed the ladder in defiance of the warning.他无视警告爬上了那架梯子。
  • He slammed the door in a spirit of defiance.他以挑衅性的态度把门砰地一下关上。
19 mandates 2acac1276dba74275e1c7c1a20146ad9     
托管(mandate的第三人称单数形式)
参考例句:
  • Individual mandates would require all people to purchase health insurance. 个人托管要求所有人都要购买健康保险。
  • While I agree with those benefits, I'm not a supporter of mandates. 我同意上述好处,我不是授权软件的支持者。
20 promotion eRLxn     
n.提升,晋级;促销,宣传
参考例句:
  • The teacher conferred with the principal about Dick's promotion.教师与校长商谈了迪克的升级问题。
  • The clerk was given a promotion and an increase in salary.那个职员升了级,加了薪。
21 freelancers d04880ef00950241e60f93a7b5a8e6bc     
n.自由作家,自由记者( freelancer的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • A lot of proof-reading is put out to freelancers. 校对工作有很多是请外人做的。 来自辞典例句
  • Its benefits plan for freelancers is highly competitive in the industry. 在本行业内它的福利方案是很有竞争力的。 来自互联网
22 assessment vO7yu     
n.评价;评估;对财产的估价,被估定的金额
参考例句:
  • This is a very perceptive assessment of the situation.这是一个对该情况的极富洞察力的评价。
  • What is your assessment of the situation?你对时局的看法如何?
23 vaccinated 8f16717462e6e6db3389d0f736409983     
[医]已接种的,种痘的,接种过疫菌的
参考例句:
  • I was vaccinated against tetanus. 我接种了破伤风疫苗。
  • Were you vaccinated against smallpox as a child? 你小时候打过天花疫苗吗?
24 perfectly 8Mzxb     
adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地
参考例句:
  • The witnesses were each perfectly certain of what they said.证人们个个对自己所说的话十分肯定。
  • Everything that we're doing is all perfectly above board.我们做的每件事情都是光明正大的。
25 aerosols a9c7ea700e36caa4c48a8c693762372f     
n.气溶胶( aerosol的名词复数 );喷雾剂;(气体中的)浮粒;喷雾器
参考例句:
  • Aerosols are present throughout the atmosphere. 气溶胶存在于整个大气层。 来自辞典例句
  • Deodorants are available as aerosols or roll-ons. 除臭剂有喷雾装或滚抹装。 来自辞典例句
26 risky IXVxe     
adj.有风险的,冒险的
参考例句:
  • It may be risky but we will chance it anyhow.这可能有危险,但我们无论如何要冒一冒险。
  • He is well aware how risky this investment is.他心里对这项投资的风险十分清楚。
27 dilution pmvy9     
n.稀释,淡化
参考例句:
  • There is no hard and fast rule about dilution.至于稀释程度,没有严格的规定。
  • He attributed this to a dilution effect of the herbicide.他把这归因于除草剂的稀释效应。
28 briefly 9Styo     
adv.简单地,简短地
参考例句:
  • I want to touch briefly on another aspect of the problem.我想简单地谈一下这个问题的另一方面。
  • He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group.他被一个恐怖组织绑架并短暂拘禁。
29 sips 17376ee985672e924e683c143c5a5756     
n.小口喝,一小口的量( sip的名词复数 )v.小口喝,呷,抿( sip的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • You must administer them slowly, allowing the child to swallow between sips. 你应慢慢给药,使小儿在吸吮之间有充分的时间吞咽。 来自辞典例句
  • Emission standards applicable to preexisting stationary sources appear in state implementation plans (SIPs). 在《州实施计划》中出现了固定污染的排放标准。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法

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