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科学美国人60秒 新的混凝土配方可以减少道路裂缝

时间:2022-07-27 09:29:39

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(单词翻译)

There's a stretch of highway in Pennsylvania, along U.S. 422. "And like every probably 20 feet you see a big pothole1 or cracking at the joint2. Like everywhere. It was so bad." Yaghoob Farnam is a construction materials engineer at Drexel University in Philly. And this road is pretty much his worst nightmare. "Yeah and just imagine I was driving like 60 miles per hour, I could see, I could feel it, I was driving, I was so mad, like, 'what is going on with this?'"

宾夕法尼亚州有一段美国422号高速公路的延伸路段。“几乎每隔20英尺,你就会在接合处看到一个大凹坑或者裂化。它们好像无处不在。而这真是糟透了。”雅各布·法南姆是费城德雷塞尔大学的一名建筑材料工程师。这条路对他来说简直是最可怕的噩梦。“想象一下,我以时速60英里的速度在这条路上行驶,我能看到、感觉到这些凹坑,而我正在开车,而且感到非常生气,恨不得冲它吼‘这条路到底是怎么回事?’”

The culprit, he says, may be calcium3 chloride road salt, used to de-ice highways in the winter. Because calcium chloride reacts with a compound in concrete called calcium hydroxide to form something called calcium oxychloride. "It's a huge molecule4 that causes a lot of pressure inside concrete. And starts degradation5 of concrete."

法南姆说,罪魁祸首可能是用以冬季公路除冰的氯化钙路盐。由于氯化钙会与复合混凝土中一种叫做氢氧化钙的物质发生反应,从而形成一种叫做氯氧化钙的物质。“这是一种会给混凝土造成很大压力的巨大分子,并且会使混凝土开始降解。”

The solution? Novel blends of concrete that use cheap leftover6 materials from the coal and steel industries: fly ash, silica fume7 and slag8. In his latest work, Farnam and his team created plugs of these experimental concretes, and submerged them in salty solutions—along with plugs of conventional concrete. Then they eavesdropped9 on any cracking with high-sensitivity acoustic10 sensors11. And they tracked heat flow through the material, to monitor chemical reactions.

解决方案?——使用来自煤炭和钢铁工业中廉价的剩余材料——粉煤灰、硅粉和矿渣的新型混凝土混合物。在其最新研究中,法南姆和他的团队发明了这些实验混凝土堵头,并将其与传统混凝土堵头一起浸入含盐的溶液中。然后,他们通过高灵敏度的声传感器对裂化声进行窃听,并通过这些材料进行热流量跟踪,以监测化学反应。

The results: concrete slugs made with ingredients like fly ash and slag held up remarkably12 well after more than a month. Whereas normal concrete was cracked to pieces in just a week. Their recipes are in the journal Cement and Concrete Composites.

结果显示:用粉煤灰和矿渣等原料制成的混凝土块,一个多月后质地仍保持得很好,而普通混凝土仅在一周内就裂成了碎片。他们的制作配方发表在《水泥和混凝土复合材料》杂志上。

Farnam says some states have actually started using this sort of concrete—because it's already known to make the material more durable13 against other factors, like corrosion14 of internal steel reinforcement. As for those cracks on U.S. 422, and elsewhere? Farnam has another project in the works—to apply a bacterial15 slurry, which forms limestone16 when it interacts with salt, plugging up the gaps. But he says that work is still a ways…down the road.

法南姆表示,其实一些州已经开始使用这种混凝土了,因为相对其他因素——例如钢筋内部腐蚀,它能使材料更耐用的特性已被人们熟知。至于美国422号公路和其他公路上的裂痕?法南姆正在进行另一个项目——即填涂能与盐相互作用形成石灰石的细菌泥浆,从而封堵开裂处。不过他表示,该项目仍然……还在进行中。


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1 pothole hiay1     
n.坑,穴
参考例句:
  • As the car sped over a pothole she lurched forward.车子飞驶过一个坑洼时,她身子猛地向前一倾。
  • The young teacher knows every pothole in the 10-minute ride to school.这位年轻的老师熟悉这条往学校的10分钟路上的每一个坑洞。
2 joint m3lx4     
adj.联合的,共同的;n.关节,接合处;v.连接,贴合
参考例句:
  • I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤,肩膀脫臼了。
  • We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。
3 calcium sNdzY     
n.钙(化学符号Ca)
参考例句:
  • We need calcium to make bones.我们需要钙来壮骨。
  • Calcium is found most abundantly in milk.奶含钙最丰富。
4 molecule Y6Tzn     
n.分子,克分子
参考例句:
  • A molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hygrogen and one atom of oxygen.一个水分子是由P妈̬f婘̬ 妈̬成的。
  • This gives us the structural formula of the molecule.这种方式给出了分子的结构式。
5 degradation QxKxL     
n.降级;低落;退化;陵削;降解;衰变
参考例句:
  • There are serious problems of land degradation in some arid zones.在一些干旱地带存在严重的土地退化问题。
  • Gambling is always coupled with degradation.赌博总是与堕落相联系。
6 leftover V97zC     
n.剩货,残留物,剩饭;adj.残余的
参考例句:
  • These narrow roads are a leftover from the days of horse-drawn carriages.这些小道是从马车时代沿用下来的。
  • Wonder if that bakery lets us take leftover home.不知道那家糕饼店会不会让我们把卖剩的带回家。
7 fume 5Qqzp     
n.(usu pl.)(浓烈或难闻的)烟,气,汽
参考例句:
  • The pressure of fume in chimney increases slowly from top to bottom.烟道内压力自上而下逐渐增加,底层住户的排烟最为不利。
  • Your harsh words put her in a fume.你那些难听的话使她生气了。
8 slag vT3z2     
n.熔渣,铁屑,矿渣;v.使变成熔渣,变熔渣
参考例句:
  • Millions of tons of slag now go into building roads each year.每年有数百万吨炉渣用于铺路。
  • The slag powder had been widely used as the additive in the cement and concrete.矿渣微粉作为水泥混凝土的掺和料已得到广泛应用。
9 eavesdropped e5ef5ebb355a2c067c2d99996f845e0f     
偷听(别人的谈话)( eavesdrop的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • He eavesdropped on our conversation. 他偷听了我们的谈话。
  • He has just eavesdropped two sweethearts. 他刚刚偷听了两个情人的谈话。
10 acoustic KJ7y8     
adj.听觉的,声音的;(乐器)原声的
参考例句:
  • The hall has a fine acoustic.这个大厅的传音效果很好。
  • Animals use a whole rang of acoustic, visual,and chemical signals in their systems of communication.动物利用各种各样的听觉、视觉和化学信号来进行交流。
11 sensors 029aee483db9ae244d7a5cb353e74602     
n.传感器,灵敏元件( sensor的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • There were more than 2000 sensors here. 这里装有两千多个灵敏元件。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Significant changes have been noted where sensors were exposed to trichloride. 当传感器暴露在三氯化物中时,有很大变化。 来自辞典例句
12 remarkably EkPzTW     
ad.不同寻常地,相当地
参考例句:
  • I thought she was remarkably restrained in the circumstances. 我认为她在那种情况下非常克制。
  • He made a remarkably swift recovery. 他康复得相当快。
13 durable frox4     
adj.持久的,耐久的
参考例句:
  • This raincoat is made of very durable material.这件雨衣是用非常耐用的料子做的。
  • They frequently require more major durable purchases.他们经常需要购买耐用消费品。
14 corrosion boHzd     
n.腐蚀,侵蚀;渐渐毁坏,渐衰
参考例句:
  • Corrosion is not covered by the warranty.腐蚀不在保修范围之内。
  • Zinc is used to protect other metals from corrosion.锌被用来保护其他金属不受腐蚀。
15 bacterial dy5z8q     
a.细菌的
参考例句:
  • Bacterial reproduction is accelerated in weightless space. 在失重的空间,细菌繁殖加快了。
  • Brain lesions can be caused by bacterial infections. 大脑损伤可能由细菌感染引起。
16 limestone w3XyJ     
n.石灰石
参考例句:
  • Limestone is often used in building construction.石灰岩常用于建筑。
  • Cement is made from limestone.水泥是由石灰石制成的。

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