2023年经济学人 人类世开始的标志(2)

（单词翻译）

    There are markers besides climate change, too.

    除了气候变化之外，还有其他标志。

    Microplastics in oceans and rivers are laying down sedimentary layers of chemicals never seen before in nature.

    海洋和河流中的微塑料正在沉积为化学物质层，这在自然界中从未被发现过。

    Nitrogen fertilisers have altered the balance of chemical isotopes² in peat bogs³.

    氮肥改变了泥炭沼泽中化学同位素的平衡。

    The world is in the midst of a mass extinction⁴.

    世界正处于大灭绝之中。

    At the same time shipping⁵ and air travel have scattered⁶ much of the remaining flora⁷ and fauna⁸ far from where they evolved.

    与此同时，航运和航空旅行使许多现存的动植物远离了它们进化的地方。

    Both the extinction and the redistribution will be visible when what is alive today joins the fossil record of the past.

    当今天活着的生物与过去的化石记录结合在一起时，灭绝和重新分布都将同时可见。

    The iugs’s rules say that geological transitions must be marked not just by a particular event, but by a specific alteration⁹ in a specific geological feature.

    国际地质勘探局的规则指出，地质变迁不仅要以某一特定事件为标志，还要以某一特定地质特征的特定变化为标志。

    (For instance, the start of the Edicarian period, 635m years ago, is defined by a visible change in a band of exposed rocks in southern Australia.)(例如，6.35亿年前伊迪卡利亚时期的开始，是由澳大利亚南部裸露岩石带的明显变化确定的。)The awg’s announcement marked the end of a years-long search for a suitable marker for the Anthropocene.

    人类世工作组的宣布标志着长达数年的寻找人类世合适标志工作的结束。

    Scientists examined sites from the estuaries¹⁰ of San Francisco to the sediment¹ beneath Vienna’s main square, before settling on Crawford Lake.

    科学家们考察了从旧金山河口到维也纳主要广场下的沉积物，最后选定了克劳福德湖。

    The lake has several advantages.

    这个湖有几个优点。

    Every summer, as the surface waters warm, flakes¹¹ of calcium¹² carbonate precipitate¹³ out and drift to the bottom.

    每年夏天，随着表层海水变暖，碳酸钙薄片沉淀出来，沉向海底。

    There they form regular white bands amid the sediments¹⁴, much like age rings in trees.

    它们在沉积物中形成规则的白色带，很像树木的年轮。

    The sediments themselves lie deep enough that they remain undisturbed by the wind and waves above.

    沉积物本身埋藏得足够深，不受上面风浪的干扰。

    They therefore contain records, in date order, of everything from CO2 concentrations to particles of plutonium from the explosions of nuclear weapons, the first of which happened in 1945.

    因此，它们按日期顺序包含了从二氧化碳浓度到核武器爆炸产生的钚颗粒的所有记录，第一次核武器爆炸发生在1945年。

    Indeed, the awg has proposed that the subsequent spike¹⁵ in plutonium—an element which was vanishingly rare before the atomic age—should serve as the “primary marker” for the beginning of the Anthropocene.

    事实上，人类世工作组已经提出，钚(一种在原子时代之前非常罕见的元素)随后的峰值应该作为人类世开始的“主要标志”。

    Not everyone is convinced, for plutonium is unstable¹⁶.

    并不是所有人都相信这一点，因为钚是不稳定的。

    The isotopes that the awg have in mind have half-lives of 6,500 and 24,000 years, meaning almost all the plutonium will be gone within 200,000 years.

    人类世工作组所考虑的同位素的半衰期分别为6500年和24000年，这意味着几乎所有的钚都将在20万年内消失。

    Dissidents suggest that fly ash from fossil-fuel combustion¹⁷ would make a better alternative.

    唱反调者认为化石燃料燃烧产生的粉煤灰是更好的替代品。

    Like plutonium, it is not something that the planet has seen before.

    就像钚一样，这是地球上以前从未见过的东西。

    And unlike plutonium, it will, if left undisturbed, hang around in the rocks for many millions of years to come.

    与钚不同的是，如果不受干扰，它将在未来数百万年里在岩石中徘徊。