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THE MAKING OF A NATION 196 - World War Two / Diplomacy

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THE MAKING OF A NATION - June 6, 2002: World War Two / Diplomacy1

By David Jarmul
VOICE 1:

THE MAKING OF A NATION -- a program in Special English by the Voice of America.

(Theme)

History is full of examples of leaders joining together to meet common goals. But rarely have two leaders worked
together with such friendship and cooperation as American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill. The two men had much in common. They both were born to wealthy families and
were active in politics for many years. Both men loved the sea and the navy, history and nature.


Roosevelt and Churchill first met when they were lower-level officials in World
War One. But neither man remembered much about that meeting. However, as they
worked together during the Second World War, they came to like and trust each
other.

VOICE 2:

Roosevelt and Churchill exchanged more than one-thousand-seven-hundred letters
and messages during five-and-a-half years. They met many times, at large national gatherings2 and in private
talks. But the closeness of their friendship might be seen best in a story told by one of Roosevelt's close advisors3,
Harry4 Hopkins.

Hopkins remembered how Churchill was visiting Roosevelt at the White House one day. Roosevelt went into
Churchill's room in the morning to say hello. But the president was shocked to see Churchill coming from the
washing room with no clothes at all.

Roosevelt immediately apologized to the British leader for seeing him naked. But Churchill reportedly said: "The
prime minister of Great Britain has nothing to hide from the president of the United States." And then both men
laughed.

VOICE 1:

The United States and great Britain were only two of several nations that joined together in the war to resist
Hitler and his allies5. In January, nineteen-forty-two, twenty-six of these nations signed an agreement promising6 to
fight for peace, religious freedom, human rights, and justice.

The three major Allies, however, were the most important for the war effort: the United States, Britain, and the
Soviet7 Union. Washington and London did not always agree. For example, they disagreed about when to attack
Hitler in western Europe. And Churchill resisted Roosevelt's suggestions that Britain give up some of its
colonies. But in general, the friendship between Roosevelt and Churchill, and between the United States and
Britain, led the two nations to cooperate closely.

VOICE 2:

This was not true with the Soviet Union. Moscow did not share the same history or political system as
Washington or London. And it had its own interests to protect along its borders and in other areas.

Relations between the Soviet Union and the western Allies were mixed. On the one hand, Hitler's invasion deep
into the Soviet Union had forced Stalin and other Soviet leaders to make victory their top goal.

On the other hand, shadows of future problems already could be seen. The Soviet Union was
making clear its desire to keep political control over Poland. And it was supporting communist
fighters in Yugoslavia and Greece.


VOICE 1:

These differences were not discussed much as the foreign ministers of the three nations
gathered in Moscow in nineteen-forty-three. Instead, the ministers reached several general
agreements, including a plan to establish a new organization called the United Nations.

Finally, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met together for the first time. They met in Tehran in
late nineteen-forty-three mainly to discuss the military situation. However, the three leaders
also considered such political questions as the future of Germany, eastern Europe, east Asia, Roosevelt,
and future international organizations. Churchill and

Stalin, through
the eyes of
Later, the allies made further plans for the new united nations Mexican artist

Antonio Arias8

organization. They arranged for new international economic Bernal
organizations -- the world bank and the international monetary9
fund. And the Allies agreed to divide Germany into different parts after the war for a
temporary period. The Soviet Union would occupy the eastern part while Britain,
France, and the United States would occupy the western part.


VOICE 2:

Washington, London, and Moscow were united during the early years of the war because of military need. They
knew they must fight together to defeat the common enemy.

But this unity10 faded as allied11 troops marched toward the German border. Roosevelt continued to call on the world
to wait to plan the peace until the last bullet was fired. But Churchill, Stalin, and other leaders already were trying
to shape the world that would follow the war. Now, differences between the allies became more serious.

VOICE 1:

The most important question was Poland. Hitler's attack on Poland back in nineteen-thirty-nine had started the
war. Roosevelt and Churchill believed strongly that the Polish people should have the right to choose their own
leaders after victory was won. Churchill supported a group of Polish resistance leaders who had an office in
London.

But Stalin had other ideas. He demanded that Poland's border be changed to give more land to the Soviet Union.
And he refused to help the Polish leaders in London. Instead, he supported a group of Polish communists and
helped them establish a new government in Poland.

VOICE 2:

Churchill visited Stalin late in nineteen-forty-four. The two leaders joined with Roosevelt a few months later in
Yalta. All agreed that free elections should be held quickly in Poland. And they traded ideas about the future of
eastern Europe, China, and other areas of the world.

Roosevelt was in good spirits when he reported to the Congress after his
return. "I Come home from the conference with a firm belief that we have
made a good start on the road to a world of peace," he said. "the Peace cannot
be a completely perfect system, at first. But it can be a peace based on the idea
of freedom. "

Churchill had the same high hopes. "Marshall Stalin and the Soviet leaders
wish to live in honorable friendship," he told the British parliament after the
conference. "I also know that their word is honest. "

VOICE 1:

Roosevelt and Churchill were wrong. In the months after the Yalta conference, relations between Moscow and
the western democracies grew steadily12 worse.

The Soviet Union moved to seize control of eastern Europe. Stalin began making strong speeches charging that

(Pictures - Library of Congress)

Washington and London were holding secret peace negotiations13 with Germany. And the Soviet Union refused to
discuss ways to bring democracy to Poland.

"I have always held the brave Russian people in high honor," Churchill wrote later. "But their shadow darkened
the picture after the war. Britain and America had gone to war not just to defend the smaller countries, but also to
fight for individual rights and freedoms.

"But," Said Churchill, "the Soviet Union had other goals. Her hold tightened14 on eastern Europe after the Soviet
Army gained control. After the long suffering and efforts of World War Two," Churchill said, "it seemed that
half of Europe had just exchanged one dictator15 for another."

VOICE 2:

Churchill and Roosevelt agreed in secret letters that they must try to oppose the Soviet effort. But before they
could act, Roosevelt died. And the world would live through a new war -- the Cold War -- in the years to follow.

Roosevelt's death also ended the deep personal friendship between himself and Winston Churchill. The British
leader wrote later about the day he heard the news of the death of his close friend in the White House.

"I felt as if I had been struck with a physical blow," Churchill wrote. "My relations with this shining man had
played so large a part in the long, terrible years we had worked together. Now they had come to an end. And I
was overpowered by a sense of deep and permanent loss "

VOICE 1:

The free world joined Churchill in mourning the loss of so strong a leader as Franklin Roosevelt. But it could not
weep for long. War was giving way to peace. A new world was forming. And as we will see in our future
programs, it was a world that few people expected.

(Theme)

VOICE 2:

You have been listening to THE MAKING OF A NATION, a program in Special English by the Voice of
America. Your narrators were Harry Monroe and Jim Tedder16. Our program was written by David Jarmul. The
Voice of America invites you to listen again next week to THE MAKING OF A NATION.


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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 diplomacy gu9xk     
n.外交;外交手腕,交际手腕
参考例句:
  • The talks have now gone into a stage of quiet diplomacy.会谈现在已经进入了“温和外交”阶段。
  • This was done through the skill in diplomacy. 这是通过外交手腕才做到的。
2 gatherings 400b026348cc2270e0046708acff2352     
聚集( gathering的名词复数 ); 收集; 采集; 搜集
参考例句:
  • His conduct at social gatherings created a lot of comment. 他在社交聚会上的表现引起许多闲话。
  • During one of these gatherings a pupil caught stealing. 有一次,其中一名弟子偷窃被抓住。
3 advisors 9c02a9c1778f1533c47ade215559070d     
n.顾问,劝告者( advisor的名词复数 );(指导大学新生学科问题等的)指导教授
参考例句:
  • The governors felt that they were being strung along by their advisors. 地方长官感到他们一直在受顾问们的愚弄。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • We will consult together with advisors about her education. 我们将一起和专家商议她的教育事宜。 来自互联网
4 harry heBxS     
vt.掠夺,蹂躏,使苦恼
参考例句:
  • Today,people feel more hurried and harried.今天,人们感到更加忙碌和苦恼。
  • Obama harried business by Healthcare Reform plan.奥巴马用医改掠夺了商界。
5 allies 0315fa8e6410a54cc80a4eb2babcda27     
联盟国,同盟者; 同盟国,同盟者( ally的名词复数 ); 支持者; 盟军
参考例句:
  • The allies would fear that they were pawns in a superpower condominium. 这个联盟担心他们会成为超级大国共管的牺牲品。
  • A number of the United States' allies had urged him not to take a hasty decision. 美国的一些盟友已力劝他不要急于作决定。
6 promising BkQzsk     
adj.有希望的,有前途的
参考例句:
  • The results of the experiments are very promising.实验的结果充满了希望。
  • We're trying to bring along one or two promising young swimmers.我们正设法培养出一两名有前途的年轻游泳选手。
7 Soviet Sw9wR     
adj.苏联的,苏维埃的;n.苏维埃
参考例句:
  • Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
  • Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。
8 arias 54a9f17a5cd5c87c2c2f192e7480ccb1     
n.咏叹调( aria的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Can you pick out the operatic arias quoted in this orchestral passage? 你能听出这段管弦乐曲里有歌剧式的咏叹调吗? 来自辞典例句
  • The actions are large and colour, there are arias and recitatives. 动作夸张而华美,有唱段也有宣叙部。 来自辞典例句
9 monetary pEkxb     
adj.货币的,钱的;通货的;金融的;财政的
参考例句:
  • The monetary system of some countries used to be based on gold.过去有些国家的货币制度是金本位制的。
  • Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。
10 unity 4kQwT     
n.团结,联合,统一;和睦,协调
参考例句:
  • When we speak of unity,we do not mean unprincipled peace.所谓团结,并非一团和气。
  • We must strengthen our unity in the face of powerful enemies.大敌当前,我们必须加强团结。
11 allied iLtys     
adj.协约国的;同盟国的
参考例句:
  • Britain was allied with the United States many times in history.历史上英国曾多次与美国结盟。
  • Allied forces sustained heavy losses in the first few weeks of the campaign.同盟国在最初几周内遭受了巨大的损失。
12 steadily Qukw6     
adv.稳定地;不变地;持续地
参考例句:
  • The scope of man's use of natural resources will steadily grow.人类利用自然资源的广度将日益扩大。
  • Our educational reform was steadily led onto the correct path.我们的教学改革慢慢上轨道了。
13 negotiations af4b5f3e98e178dd3c4bac64b625ecd0     
协商( negotiation的名词复数 ); 谈判; 完成(难事); 通过
参考例句:
  • negotiations for a durable peace 为持久和平而进行的谈判
  • Negotiations have failed to establish any middle ground. 谈判未能达成任何妥协。
14 tightened bd3d8363419d9ff838bae0ba51722ee9     
收紧( tighten的过去式和过去分词 ); (使)变紧; (使)绷紧; 加紧
参考例句:
  • The rope holding the boat suddenly tightened and broke. 系船的绳子突然绷断了。
  • His index finger tightened on the trigger but then relaxed again. 他的食指扣住扳机,然后又松开了。
15 dictator G9EyH     
n.独裁者,爱发号施令的人
参考例句:
  • We felt quite impotent to resist the will of the dictator.我们感到无力抗拒独裁者的意志。
  • A dictator must have a firm hand.独裁者的手段是很厉害的。
16 tedder 2833afc4f8252d8dc9f8cd73b24db55d     
n.(干草)翻晒者,翻晒机
参考例句:
  • Jim Tedder has more. 吉姆?特德将给我们做更多的介绍。 来自互联网
  • Jim Tedder tells us more. 吉姆?泰德给我们带来更详细的报道。 来自互联网

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