16 The War between Britain and France

（单词翻译）

16. the war between Britain and France

In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, south Africa ,the West Indies, and Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary¹ to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially² related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies. France sought total domination of Europe . this goal was obstructed³ by British independence and Britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart⁴ Napoleon; through treaties. Britain built coalitions⁵ (not dissimilar in concept to today’s NATO) guaranteeing British participation⁶ in all major European conflicts. These two antagonists⁷ were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths; France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships. Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria. All of this entailed⁸ tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.

French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive⁹ war, allowing it to win with fewer forces. Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate¹⁰ attack.