新视野大学英语视听说教程 4 Unit 7-4

（单词翻译）

Task3: The Modern Circus
Script
The first modern circus was staged in London in 1768 by Philip Astley, a former English cavalry¹ officer, who performed as a trick ride. Beginning with a visit to Paris in 1772, Astley introduced the circus in cities throughout continental² Europe and was responsible for establishing permanent circuses in a number of European countries as well as in England. A circus was first presented in 1793 at the Winter Palace in Saint³ Petersburg.

By the early 19th century, several permanently-based circuses were located in larger European cities. In addition, small traveling shows moved from town to town in covered wagons⁴ in which the performers lived. The traveling shows were usually simple affairs, featuring a fiddler or two, a juggler⁵, a ropedancer, and a few acrobats⁶.  In the early circuses such performers gave their shows in open spaces and took up a collection for pay; later, the performers used elaborate shows. In the earlier part of the 19th century a main feature of the permanent circus program was the presentation of grams that included displays of horsemanship. Throughout the 19th century the circus evolved in programming and management. Initially⁷, trained horse and horsemanship performances dominated⁸ circuses, but ropedancing, juggling⁹, acrobatic acts, wild-animal acts, and clowning were all introduced within the first few decades. The flying trapeze, an important part of the modern circus, was not invented until 1858, and the street parade and sideshow did not become standard circus events until later in the 19th century. Tents are believed to have come into use in the 1820s, but it is uncertain whether they appeared first in Europe or in the United States.

Nowadays, the entertainment activities offered at a circus are more elaborate, generally consisting of displays of horsemanship, exhibitions by gymnasts, aerialists, wild-animal trainer, performing animals, and comic performance by clowns.

1. What was Phillip Astley especially good at?
2. According to the passage, what was true of the early traveling shows?
3. What acts were featured in permanent circus programs in the early 19th century?
4. When were wild-animal acts introduced?
5. What is the main idea of the passage?

Keys: 1C 2.A3. B 4.B 5.D

For Reference
They are more elaborate, generally consisting of displays of horsemanship, exhibitions by gymnasts, aerialists, wild-animal trainer, performing animals, and comic performance by clowns