英语语法：217 When to Use Female Nouns

（单词翻译）

Today’s topic is the use of feminine nouns such as “actress” and "comedienne." These days, people often see such terms as sexist, but it's also common to hear at least some of them. So what exactly are the modern rules for using such terms? Actually, this isn't a matter of grammar. It’s about writing to minimize the potential for readers to draw conclusions you don’t want to convey.
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Other Languages Have More Feminine Nouns
It could be worse. In some languages, most nouns have different forms for different sexes. For example, in Spanish, a male lawyer is an abogado, and a female lawyer is an abogada. Furthermore, in some languages, even verbs can have different forms depending on the sex of their subject. In Hebrew, raa means “saw” for masculine subjects, while raata means “saw” for feminine subjects. In Mandarin¹ Chinese, a man can “marry” a woman, but a woman can only “be married to” a man (1).
Even in English, there used to be more female-specific nouns than there are now. Centuries ago, people used now-obsolete nouns such as “teacheress,” “soldieress,” and “ministress (2).” The fact that English has mostly abandoned female-specific nouns like these is probably part of the reason that the remaining ones tend to attract attention.
Paired Nouns Are OK
Sometimes male- and female-specific nouns don’t suggest problematic messages. Pairs such as “prince” and “princess,” “duke” and “duchess,” “abbott” and “abbess” are unobjectionable. In these pairs, the male-specific term never refers to both males and females (3). Even though it might be convenient to have a word to refer to any child of a king or queen, “prince” can only mean a king or queen’s son. So if the sexes are treated equally, each one having its own term, the female-specific term is probably OK.
Some Gender²-Neutral Nouns, Such as "Flight Attendant," Have Become Standard
The next-easiest cases are those where a gender-neutral term has become popular. In recent decades, gender-neutral terms such as “firefighter,” “police officer,” “mail carrier,” and “flight attendant” have gained currency. Definitely use these.
Problems Arise When a Noun Exists to Call Out Only One Sex
The troublesome cases are when we have one term that can refer to either sex, and another that refers only to women. Take the word “author.” It can refer to men or women in a sentence like “Our agency represents many authors.” But if you use “author” to refer to writers of either sex, and the exclusively feminine “authoress” to refer to female authors, you now have a way of referring specifically to female authors, but no way of referring specifically to male authors. The implication is that most authors are male, and that it’s worth pointing out when one of them isn’t. As The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language says, “the marked term suggests some difference in status, and may imply lower standards or achievement.”
Is There Ever a Good Reason to Write "Female Doctor"?
This issue comes up even when there aren’t gender-specific terms. For example, “doctor” can be either masculine or feminine. Sally McConnell-Ginet, a linguist³ at Cornell University who specializes in language and gender, advises, “If you write ‘female doctor,’ then ask yourself why you want to emphasize that a certain doctor is a woman. Do you write ‘male doctor’ in similar contexts?” Her point is that sexism in society makes it easy to send messages in our word choice that we don’t intend to send.
The guideline suggested in Garner’s Modern American Usage and The Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage is to avoid using a gender-specific noun unless sex is relevant to the discussion. Usually it isn’t. Sex doesn’t typically matter when you’re talking about doctors or authors, for example.
But what about when sex is relevant? I’ve touched on this issue, in the episode on the words “woman” versus⁴ “female.” Another case in point: “actress.” Male and female actors usually play different kinds of roles, so it’s useful for people in show business to make this distinction. If “actress” saves them from having to say “female actor,” why not use it?
Unfortunately, even if you follow this guideline of using gender-neutral noun forms in most cases, and gender-specific nouns only when sex is relevant, the problem remains⁵. You’ll end up using female-specific terms to talk specifically about women, but where’s the analogous⁶ male-specific term? If there isn’t one, you may still be sending a message that a woman doing some job is surprising news. And indeed, although there is sometimes a good reason to use the word “actress,” that hasn’t stopped it from acquiring negative connotations as we're told by a contact in the industry.
In cases like these, where linguistic⁷ change is ongoing⁸, the usage of the audience you’re writing for can be a good guide. If a certain community uses “actress” where they are clearly not devaluing women’s acting⁹, feel free to do likewise. If they insist on “actor” across the board, you may want to follow suit.
Summary
If there’s a gender-neutral term in general use, use it. If there’s not, but the masculine and feminine nouns each stay in their own territory, then use them. Be careful when one term can refer to either sex, another term refers only to women, and no term refers only to men. In these cases, avoid referring to a person’s sex if possible, and if it’s not, carefully assess the usage of your audience. But remember that these “rules” are just shortcuts¹⁰: What matters is getting across the messages you want to send, and trying to block those you don’t.
Thanks to Sally McConnell-Ginet for her comments on an earlier draft of this article.