新编大学英语教程第四册Unit 05

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Want to see how much the world has changed in the past decade? Log on the Internet, launch a search engine and type in the word enquire¹(British spelling, please). You'll get about 30,000 hits.It turns out you can “enquire” about nearly anything online these days, from used Harley Davidsons for sale in Sydney, Australia (“Enquire about touring bikes. Click here!”), to computer-training-by-e-mail courses in India (“Where excellence² is not an act but a habit”). Click once to go to a site in Nairobi and enquire about booking shuttle reservations there. Click again, and zip off to Singapore, to a company that specializes in “ pet moving.” Enquire about buying industrial-age buts and bolts from “the Bolt Boys” in South Africa, or teddy bears in upstate New York. Exotic cigar labels! Four-poster beds for dogs!

 

So what, you say? Everybody knows that with a mouse, a modem³ and access to the Internet, these days you can point-and-click anywhere on the planet, unencumbered by time or space or long-distance phone tariffs⁴.

 

Ah, but scroll⁵ down the list far enough, hundreds of entries deep, and you’ll find this hidden Rosebud⁶ of cyberspace⁷: “Enquire Within Upon Everything”---a nifty little computer program written nearly 20 years ago by a lowly software consultant⁸ named Tim Berners-Lee. Who knew then that from this modest hack⁹ would flow the civilization-altering, millionaire-spawning, information suckhole known as the World Wide Web?

 

Unlike so many of the inventions that have moved the world, this one truly was the work of one man. Thomas Edison got credit for the light bulb, but he had dozens of people in his lab working on it. William Shockley may have fathered the transistor¹⁰, but two of his research scientists actually built it. And if there ever was a thing that was made by committee, the Internet—with its protocols¹¹ and packet switching—is it. But the World Wide Web is Berners-Lee’s alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free.

 

It stared, of all places, in the Swiss Alps. The year was 1980. Berners-Lee, doing a six-month stint¹³ as a software engineer at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, in Geneva, was noodling around with a way to organize his far-flung notes. He had always been interested in programs that dealt with information in a “brain-like way” but that could improve upon that occasionally memory-constrained organ. So he devised a piece of software that could, as he put it, keep “track of all the random¹⁵ associations one comes across in real life and brains are supposed to be so good at remembering but sometimes mine wouldn’t.” He called it Enquire, short for Enquire Within Upon Everything, a Victorian-era encyclopedia¹⁶ he remembered from childhood.

 

Building on ideas that were current in software design at the time, Berners-Lee fashioned a kind of “hypertext” notebook. Words in a document could be “linked” to other files on Berners-Lee’s computer; he could follow a link by number ( there was no mouse to click back then) and automatically pull up its related document. It worked splendidly in its solipsistic, Only-On-My-Computer way.

 

But what if he wanted to add stuff that resided in someone else’s computer? First he would need that person’s permission, and then he would have to do the dreary¹⁷ work of adding the new material to a central database. An even better solution would be to open up his document-and his computer-to everyone and allow them to link their stuff to his. He could limit access to his colleagues at CERN, but why stop there? Open it up to scientists everywhere! Let it span the networks! In Berbers-Lee’s scheme there would be no central manager, no central database and no scaling problems. The thing could grow like the Internet itself, open-ended and infinite. “One had to be able jump,” he later wrote, “from software documentation to a list of people to a phone book to an organizational chart to whatever.”

 

So he cobbled together a relatively¹⁸ easy-to –learn coding system-HTML (HyperText Make-up Language) ------that has come to be the lingua franca of the Web; it’s the way Web-content creators put those little colored, underlined links in their text, add images and so on. He designed an addressing scheme that gave each Web page a unique location, or URL (universal resource locator). And he hacked¹⁹ a set of rules that permitted these documents to be linked together on computers across the Internet. He called that set of rules HTTP _HyperText Transfer Protocol).

 

And on the seventh day, Berners-Lee cobbled together the World Wide Web’s first (nut not the last) browser²⁰, which allowed users anywhere to view his creation on their computer screen. In 1991 the World Wide Web debuted²¹, instantly bringing order and clarity to the chaos²² that was cyberspace. From that moment on, the Web and the Internet grew as one, often at exponential rates. Within five years, the number of Internet users jumped from 600,000 to 40 million. At one point , it was doubling every 53 days.

 

Raised in London in the 1960s, Berners-Lee was the quintessential child of the computer age. His parents met while working on the Ferranti Mark I, the first computer sold commercially. They taught him to think unconventionally; he’d play games over the breakfast table with imaginary numbers (what’s the square root of minus 4?). he made pretend computers out of cardboard boxes and five-hole paper tape and fell in love with electronics. Later, at Oxford²³, he built his own working electronic computer out of spare parts and a TV set. He also studied physics, which he thought would be a lovely compromise between math and electronics. “ Physics was fun, “ he recalls. “ And in fact a good preparation for creating a global system.”

 

It’s hard to overstate the impact of the global system he created. It’s almost Gutenbergian. He took a powerful communications system that only the elite²⁴ could use and turned it into a mass medium. “If this were a traditional science, Berners-Lee would win a Nobel Prize,” Eric Schmidt, CEO of Novell, once told the New York Times. “What he’s done is that significant.”

 

You’d think he would have at least got rich; he had plenty of opportunities. But at every juncture²⁵, Berners-Lee chose the nonprofit road, both for himself and his creation. Marc Andreessen, who helped write the first popular Web browser, Mosaic-which, unlike the master’s browser, put images and text in the same place, like pages in a magazine-went on to co-found Netscape and become one of the Web’s first millionaires. Berners-Lee, by contrast, headed off in 1994 to an administrative²⁶ and academic life at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From a sparse²⁷ office at M.I.T., he directs the W3 Consortium, the standard-setting body that helps Netscape, Microsoft and anyone else agree on openly published protocols rather than hold one another back with proprietary¹² technology. The rest of the world may be trying to crash in on the Web’s phenomenal growth, but Berners-Lee is content to labor¹⁴ quietly in the background, ensuring that all of us can continue, well into the next century, to Enquire Within Upon Anything.

 

By Joshua Quittner

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