China accomplishes first space docking

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　　Nearly two days after it was launched, the unmanned spacecraft Shenzhou-8 docked with space lab module² Tiangong-1 at 1:36 a.m., marking another great leap for China's space program.

　　The success of the docking procedure makes China the third country in the world, after the United States and Russia, to master the technique, moving the country one step closer to establishing its own space station.

　　President Hu Jintao, who is in France for the G-20 summit, sent a congratulatory message on the success of the country's first-ever space docking.

　　"Breakthroughs in and acquisition of space docking technologies are vital to the three-phase development strategy of our manned space program," Hu said in the message.

　　Hu said he wishes all the program participants to try all out to fulfill³ a complete success of the whole mission after the smooth docking.

　　Other leaders, including Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang, who are Standing⁴ Committee members of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, watched the mission at the Beijing Aerospace⁵ Flight Control Center.

　　China is now equipped with the basic technology and capacity required for the construction of a space station, said Zhou Jianping, chief designer of China's manned space program.

　　"This will make it possible for China to carry out space exploration on a larger scale," he said.

　　"The capability⁶ increases China's ability to act independently in space, as well as its ability to cooperate with others," said Gregory Kulacki, senior analyst⁷ and China project manager at the global security program of the Union of Concerned Scientists, a nonprofit scientific advocacy group based in the United States.

　　"China's pursuit of an original solution to space docking, that is based on their understanding of the experience of other nations, could lead to innovations or experiences other space-faring nations could find useful," Kulacki said.

　　The world's first space docking was achieved in 1966, when the manned U.S. spacecraft Gemini 8 docked with an unmanned Agena Target Vehicle.

　　Forty-five years later, the maneuver⁸ remains⁹ a technological¹⁰ challenge. Many of mankind's 300-plus attempts have been met with difficulties or resulted in failure.

　　"To link up two vehicles traveling at 7.8 km per second in orbit, with a margin¹¹ of error of no more than 20 centimeters, is like 'finding a needle in a haystack'," Zhou said.

　　The Shenzhou-8 and Tiangong-1 will separate after flying together for 12 days. After that a second docking procedure will be conducted.

　　Rendezvous¹² and docking, essential to exploring space beyond Earth's orbit, create the possibility of building space stations, resupplying them, transferring astronauts and rescuing them.

　　Without this key know-how¹³, exploration of the moon and beyond requires carrier rockets with significant amounts of thrust. China does not currently possess rockets of this magnitude.

　　Shenzhou-8 and Tiangong-1 both weigh about 8 metric tons, well within the delivery capacity of the Long March 2F rocket. A permanent orbiting space station is designed to be as heavy as 60 metric tons, with docking ports accommodating both manned and freight space vehicles.

　　The interior of both the Shenzhou-8 and Tiangong-1 is an actual environment in which astronauts can live and work. After the Shenzhou-8 tests, the Tiangong-1 will remain a target orbiter for more docking procedures in 2012 by the Shenzhou-9 and -10 spacecraft, at least one of which will be manned to conduct manual docking.

　　Although the Shenzhou-8 is unmanned, it is equipped with devices to record images and data that will help China make improvements to its spacecraft design and astronaut training.

　　Two female astronauts are now believed to be on the active duty roster¹⁴ for future Shenzhou missions, said Chen Shanguang, director of the Astronaut Center of China (ACC).

　　"We must assess both male and female astronauts to verify if human beings can live in space, as there are huge differences between men and women in spite of their common generalities," Chen said.

　　"Space exploration activities would be incomplete without the participation¹⁵ of female astronauts," Chen said.

　　The Chinese spacecraft also feature collaborative space experiments under the framework of a Chinese-German science and technology cooperation.

　　German scientists designed bio-incubators for the experiments, while their Chinese counterparts were in charge of the development of control equipment, China's manned space program spokeswoman Wu Ping said.

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