GRE考试作文备考资料（1）

　　Drives and desires can be described as a deficiency or need that activates¹ behavior that is aimed at a goal or an incentive². These are thought to originate within the individual and may not require external stimuli³ to encourage the behavior. Basic drives could be sparked by deficiencies such as hunger, which motivates a person to seek food; whereas more subtle drives might be the desire for praise and approval, which motivates a person to behave in a manner pleasing to others.

　　By contrast, the role of extrinsic⁴ rewards and stimuli can be seen in the example of training animals by giving them treats when they perform a trick correctly. The treat motivates the animals to perform the trick consistently, even later when the treat is removed from the process.

　　内在动机与内在驱动学生的三大特征

　　Intrinsic motivation is the drive for which people engage in an activity, without obvious external incentives⁵, such as a hobby. Intrinsic motivation has been studied by educational psychologists since the 1970s, and numerous studies have found it to be associated with high educational achievement and enjoyment⁶ by students.

　　It is thought that students are more likely to be intrinsically motivated if they:

　　1. Attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control (e.g. the amount of effort they put in).

　　2. Believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (i.e. the results are not determined⁷ by dumb luck).

　　3. Are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good grades.

　　情感对行为的影响

　　Human emotion has a significant influence on, or can even be said to control, human behavior, though historically many cultures and philosophers have for various reasons discouraged allowing this influence to go unchecked.

　　In modern scientific thought, certain refined emotions are considered to be a complex neural⁸ trait of many domesticated⁹ and a few non-domesticated mammals. These were commonly developed in reaction to superior survival mechanisms¹⁰ and intelligent interaction with each other and the

　　environment; as such, refined emotion is not in all cases as discrete¹¹ and separate from natural neural function as was once assumed. Still, when humans function in civilized¹² tandem¹³, it has been noted¹⁴ that uninhibited acting¹⁵ on extreme emotion can lead to social disorder¹⁶ and crime.

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