经济学人06:疯狂中的理智 Method in the madness

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　　Method in the madness

　　疯狂中的理智

　　A searching look at what caused the split between Freud and Jung

　　深度挖掘：弗洛伊德、荣格决裂的原因

　　Psychoanalysis, as practised by Carl Jung and his mentor¹, Sigmund Freud, in Zurich and Vienna in the early 1900s came to be known as “a dangerous method”. It is a good title for this absorbing film, written by Christopher Hampton and based on John Kerr's 1994 book about Jung, Freud and Sabina Spielrein, which explores the role Spielrein (Keira Knightley) played in the two men's lives. An 18-year-old Russian patient of Jung (Michael Fassbender), who cured her psychotic hysteria in 1904, Spielrein later became an analyst² and an inspiration both to Jung and to Freud (Viggo Mortensen). According to Mr Kerr, she also became Jung's lover, a breach³ of professional ethics⁴ that contributed to the discord⁵ between the two analysts⁶ and their acrimonious⁷ parting of ways in 1913.

　　20世纪初期，卡尔·荣格和导师西格蒙德·弗洛伊德在苏黎世和维也纳使用精神分析疗法，当时，此法以“危险”而为人所熟知。故而，冠以这部引人入胜的影片《危险方法》一名十分恰当。该电影由克里斯多夫·汉普顿执笔，改编自约翰·克尔1994年出版得小说。小说主要讲述了荣格、弗洛伊德和萨宾娜·斯皮勒林之间的故事，并探讨了萨宾娜[凯拉·纳特利饰演]在两个男人的生活中扮演的角色。萨宾娜是荣格[迈克尔·法斯宾德饰演]的病人，18岁，俄罗斯人。1904年，她的精神疾病---歇斯底里症治愈，之后，她成为了一名精神分析师，并给予荣格和弗洛伊德[维果·莫滕森饰演]极大灵感。根据克尔的小说，萨宾娜成为了荣格的女友---这违背了职业操守，并导致荣格与弗洛伊德关系破裂。1913年，在激烈的争执中，两人分道扬镳。

　　Directed by David Cronenberg, “A Dangerous Method” contains no exploding heads to remind viewers of his 1981 film, “Scanners”. But Spielrein certainly comes close to blowing up in the opening sequence, in which Ms Knightley gives a harrowing portrayal⁸ of the symptoms of hysteria that turns her face into a twisted, jut-jawed mask of terror at the sadistic⁹ paternal¹⁰ abuse that is the cause of the character's illness. Extrapolating a bit, the film-makers speculate that the doctor-patient affair was spiced up by re-enactments of those paternal spankings¹¹.

　　《危险方法》由大卫·柯南伯格执导。“爆头”这一元素能让观众回忆起大卫1981年的影片《夺命凶灵》，但这类场景并未出现在该片中。不过，在影片开头的一组镜头中，斯皮勒林的状态确实接近“爆炸”。凯拉·奈特莉呈现得歇斯底里症着实恐怖：面对父亲的虐待（这是她致病的原因），她无比惊恐，脸部扭曲，下巴突出。笔者推测，电影制作者们觉得将“父亲虐儿”的桥段再次搬上银幕能增强“医生-病人罗曼史”的效果。

　　As “A Dangerous Method” threads its way through the labyrinth¹² of words that these brilliant, questioning people use to probe, seduce¹³ and wound one another, it deftly¹⁴ dramatises the intellectual differences that brought about the Freud-Jung split without actually giving either man the last word. Portraying¹⁵ Freud as a witty¹⁶ patriarch, the film seems to side with him against his stiff-necked protégé. Freudians will conclude that Jung is wallowing in mysticism to hide from the truth and that his sexual urges almost destroyed his marriage and his patient's sanity¹⁷. It is a tribute to both men's ideas, and the creativity of the film-makers, that Jungians (and Cronenbergians) are equally free to see the myth-haunted Swiss psychoanalyst as a tragic¹⁸ incarnation of Orpheus, who should never have looked back at Eurydice when rescuing her from the underworld of Hades.

　　这些充满智慧又满腹疑问的人物用令人费解的话语相互追问，彼此引诱，又互相伤害。《危险方法》一片以这些谈话为主线，同时，巧妙地将造成弗洛依德-荣格分歧的思维差异搬上银幕，而两人孰对孰错，影片未真正给出最终的定论。在刻画弗洛伊德这个人物上，本片似乎站在他的一边，以一个机智的长者形象取代顽固的后生形象。弗洛伊德的信徒们会说，为了掩盖真相，荣格沉湎于神秘论中；他的性冲动几乎摧毁了他的婚姻，夺走了其病人的理智。这部影片赞颂了弗洛伊德与荣格的思想，体现了电影工作人员的创造力。荣格的信徒（以及柯南伯格的粉丝们）能在片中随时看到这位被神话萦绕的瑞士精神分析学家，化身为俄尔普斯，在将爱人欧律狄刻救出哈迪斯的冥界前，万不可回头看爱人一眼。

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