经济学人30:铭记于心 西班牙内战

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　　文艺；西班牙内战;铭记于心;

　　A dark time in history finally comes to light

　　一段黑暗史总将真相大白

　　In need of a truth commission

　　需要真相委員会

　　The Spanish Holocaust¹: Inquisition and Extermination² in Twentieth-Century Spain. By Paul Preston. ;

　　《西班牙大屠杀》：二十世纪西班牙的审与杀;保罗·普雷斯顿著；

　　The Spanish civil war and its repressive aftermath, following the victory of General Francisco Franco, was a particularly savage³ conflict. But it is far-fetched to describe it as a holocaust, as Paul Preston does in his latest book. His provocative⁴ title raised eyebrows⁵ when it was published in Spain last year, as the country's horrors still pale in comparison with the magnitude of the Nazi⁶ Holocaust. Mr Preston, an emeritus⁷ professor at the London School of Economics and leading historian of 20th-century Spain, contends that no other word aptly conveys the whole of the Spanish tragedy, which included a strain of anti-Semitism. Thankfully he exercises better judgment⁸ within the covers of this meticulous⁹ and well-argued book.

　　西班牙内战以及殖民军首领弗朗西斯科?佛朗哥取得胜利后的强力镇压是一次特别野蛮的冲突。但是在保罗·普雷斯顿(Paul Preston)最新著作中将其描述成大屠杀有些过于牵强。这本书去年在西班牙发行的时候颇具煽动性的题目令人惊奇，但是相比于纳粹大屠杀的程度，这个国家的恐怖行动仍显得苍白暗淡。保罗·普雷斯顿(Paul Preston)是伦敦经济学院荣誉退休教授而且还是20世纪中叶西班牙历史的权威学家。他认为找不到一个更恰当的词来表达西班牙的整个悲剧，其中包括反犹太主义。他之前的判断（说反犹主义）有误，幸好这本书的内容还算合情合理。

　　Mr Preston puts the number of those who died in battle at 200,000, after Nationalist military rebels rose against the democratically elected Republican government in 1936. He counts an additional 150,000 murders by the right-wing Nationalists—plus 20,000 more after the civil war ended in 1939—and a further 50,000 killings¹⁰ in areas held by Republicans.

　　保罗·普雷斯顿指出，民族主义军事反政府武装在1936年发动了针对选举的军事叛乱，战场上死亡的人数达到了20万。保罗·普雷斯顿统计于右翼民族党残杀的15万人(附加上了1939年内战后死的2万多人)和共和党杀害的另外5万人。

　　The book is largely based on secondary sources. Victims in the Republican zone were documented by the state investigation¹¹ set up in 1940. But the sheer scale of the atrocities¹² committed on the other side have come to light only recently, in a flood of books and exhumations of mass graves. A proper reckoning of the war had been avoided by the generation of politicians who followed Franco's death in 1975, to smooth the transition to democracy. Yet the past decade has seen various groups, often led by the relatives of Republican victims, unearthing¹³ the past—often literally¹⁴.

　　这本书的素材来源很大程度上是二手的。共和党区的受害者信息记载于1940年建立的国家调查组的文献中。但是在另一边（右翼民族党区）大规模的残暴罪行最近才得以显露，这得益于大量的书籍以及大量墓地的开掘。1975年佛朗哥死后的一代政治家回避了这场战争的评论，为了国家顺利过渡到民主主义社会。然而，近十年我们可以看到各种共和党受害者的家属组成的团体时常揭露事实真相。

　　In a recent trial in Madrid against Baltasar Garzón, Spain's most famous magistrate¹⁵, relatives of slain¹⁶ victims aired their stories for the first time. Mr Garzón was charged with abusing his powers by calling an investigation into the deaths of 114,000 people under Franco's dictatorship, despite a 1977 amnesty law. He was ultimately absolved¹⁷ of this charge, but in another case last month the conservative judiciary barred Mr Garzón from the bench for 11 years, thus ending his career.

　　在马德里最近的一次针对西班牙最有名的法官巴尔塔萨·加尔松的审判中，内战中受害者的亲属第一次讲述了他们受害人的故事。加尔松被控告不顾1977年的大赦律法，滥用私权号召一个关于佛朗哥的独裁统治下那11.4万人的死亡情况的调查。他最后还是在这次控告中得到了赦免，但是上个月的另一个案子中，保守的司法禁止法官加尔松11年内不得再入法官席，因此就这样结束了他的职业生涯。

　　Mr Preston does not hide his loathing¹⁸ of the rebels and empathy for the left. He argues with impressive detail that the repression¹⁹ by the Nationalists was largely planned and institutionalised, whereas the Republicans' violence was more spontaneous and mainly in defence against the better armed and trained Francoist forces. Other scholars say that this view is too simplistic. The author is on new and firmer ground in his examination of the role played by the NKVD, the Soviet²⁰ secret police, particularly in the massacre²¹ of hundreds of Franco supporters at Paracuellos in 1936. Santiago Carrillo, a communist leader at the time and the only war protagonist²² alive today, has always claimed he had nothing to do with the killings, and has never been charged. Yet Mr Preston argues otherwise, citing his ties with Josif Grigulevich, a sinister²³ NKVD agent.

　　保罗·普雷斯顿一书中并没有回避他对叛乱分子的厌恶和对左翼共和党的同情。保罗·普雷斯顿以令人印象深刻的细节描述有利论证了民族党派的镇压很大程度上是有计划且被制度化的，然而，共和党的暴力更多是自发地出于抵御先进的武器装备和佛朗哥特训过的部队。其他学者称这样的评论过于简单化了。本书作者在新的领域里审查苏联秘密警察组织（NKVD）所扮演的角色，尤其是1936年，在马德里Paracuellos在内务部的掺和下，共和派对佛朗哥同情者的镇压。圣地亚哥·卡里略是当时的一位共产党领袖，如今唯一活着的战争领导人，现总是声称他与屠杀无关，从来也没有被控罪。然而保罗·普雷斯顿认为他和那个NKVD内务部特工有联系。

　　“The Spanish Holocaust” is a compelling chronicle of a grim time in history. It would be a pity if the book's dubious²⁴ title discouraged a wider readership.

　　《The Spanish Holocaust》是一本令人信服的残酷编年史。如果这本书可疑的书名使得广泛地读者群沮丧的话那真是个遗憾。

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