英文杂志-Hallowe'en

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　　Hallowe'en is a popular festival in many countries all over the world, and every year it seems to get bigger. It's getting dark earlier and it's starting to get cold. Christmas is still a long way away. We need something to cheer us up and take our minds off the fact that winter is nearly here. Find out some more about the traditional festival of Hallowe'en.

　　The origins of the name

　　The festival of Hallowe'en has its roots in Celtic and Roman traditions. Over 2,000 years ago the Celts in Britain, Ireland and parts of France celebrated¹ Samhain to mark the beginning of winter. When the Romans invaded, they merged² this with Feralia, their celebration of the passing of the dead. As Christianity spread, the Church tried to replace these pagan feasts³ with official Church holy days. One of these was November 1. It was called All Saints⁴ Day, or "All Hallows", and October 31 was known as "All Hallows' Eve", and then Hallowe'en.

　　Hallowe'en traditions

　　In the past there was a tradition called "souling". Poor people went around houses asking for food. In exchange, they promised to say prayers for the dead. People no longer go souling, but the habit has been transformed into a modern Hallowe'en game for children in America, who dress up as ghosts, witches and monsters and go around people's houses, asking for sweets. This game is called 'Trick or Treat’.

　　Witches

　　Hallowe'en wouldn't be fun without witches. Witches have always been part of popular folklore⁵. Shakespeare's play "Macbeth" opens with three witches. A witch was someone - usually a woman - who had special powers and had dealings with the devil. The American town, Salem, in the state of Massachusetts, is famous for the "witchcraft⁶ trials", which took place there in 1692.

　　Pumpkins⁸

　　The pumpkin⁷ has become a symbol of Hallowe'en. People empty a pumpkin, cut a face into the side, and put a candle inside to make a lamp. It's known as a Jack⁹ O'Lantern, from an Irish legend about a man called Jack, who made a deal with the devil.

　　Animals

　　Black cats, frogs, mice and spiders are just some of the animals associated with Hallowe'en. Generally, the more unpleasant the animal, the stronger the Hallowe'en connection. Nocturnal animals like bats are particular favourites, and if, as is the case with vampire¹⁰ bats, they like drinking blood, they are high on the Hallowe'en list.

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