【英语时差8,16】拱肩

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Every now and then A Moment of Science likes to introduce a word for the day. Don and Yael discuss today's.   D: Time once again for the Moment of Science word of the Day. The Word of the Day, please.

Y: Today's Word of the Day is . . . spandrel.

D: Spandrel? You mean the little dog?

Y: That's "spaniel." This is "spandrel."D: Hmmm . . . I don't think I know what a spandrel is. And yet, I know all things about science. How can this be?

Y: It's because "spandrel" is a term from architecture. Imagine a dome¹ that is held up by  four arches, the way it's done in cathedrals. When you do this you wind up with      some leftover² space between each arch. That's a spandrel. Nobody planned for that extra space to be there, but if you're going to put a dome on top of four arches, you will always have it. Since it was there, people started painting angels in the leftover space, and it became one of the nicest parts of many cathedrals. Biologist Stephen J.      Gould used the term "spandrel" to express something that happens in evolution all  the time. He gave the example of the Irish Elk³. It had enormous antlers. To hold up  those huge antlers it developed big spines⁴ on the vertebrae at its shoulders. This  made a hump on the animal's back. The hump later became useful as a mating device--bigger humps were sexy. But the hump wasn't developed in order to attract mates. It was just a bi-product of having big antlers. Later on, since it was already  there, it developed into other uses as well. That's a spandrel!  

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