高级口译：《南海各方行为宣言》不容妄议

　　钟声

　　Zhong Sheng

　　2015年7月，菲律宾鼓噪酝酿了两年之久的南海仲裁案终于正式拉开帷幕。近日，有关仲裁庭在荷兰海牙举行了所谓庭审，菲律宾方面在其陈词中，妄议、贬损南海地区国家于2002年签署的《南海各方行为宣言》，其言辞令人咋舌。

　　In midsummer 2015, the so-called South China Sea arbitration² hearing that the Philippines had been clamoring for and brewing³ in the past two years finally started. Recently, the relevant arbitral tribunal held this so-called hearing in The Hague, Netherlands, where the Philippine side made irresponsible and derogatory remarks in its statements on the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea signed by relevant countries in 2002. Such remarks are indeed astonishing.

　　上世纪60年代末，为争夺石油资源利益，一些国家对我国的南沙岛礁提出领土要求并非法侵占，南海问题由此产生。为管控各方争议，维护南海和平稳定，中国和东盟国家自上世纪90年代起便开始沟通，共同致力于探索适合本地区的争议解决办法。经过长时间的磋商磨合，2002年，中国和东盟十国在柬埔寨金边正式签署《南海各方行为宣言》，向世界宣告南海不再没有规则，而有了地区国家共同确立的“南海规矩”，此后南海风波渐止。《宣言》也获得了“定海神针”的美誉。其第四条明确指出“有关各方承诺根据公认的国际法原则，包括1982年《联合国海洋法公约》，由直接有关的主权国家通过友好磋商和谈判，以和平方式解决它们的领土和管辖权争议，而不诉诸武力或以武力相威胁。”2011年，中国和东盟十国进一步就落实《宣言》后续行动指针达成一致，开启了全面有效落实《宣言》的历史进程。

　　It is well known that in the late 1960s, a report of the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East stirred up the South China Sea. To vie for interests in oil resources, some countries laid territorial⁴ claims to China’s Nansha Islands and illegally occupied some of the islands and reefs, giving rise to the South China Sea issue. For the purpose of managing disputes among the parties and maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea, China and ASEAN countries started their communication in the 1990s to jointly⁶ explore a dispute settlement approach suitable for the region. After a long period of consultation⁷ and mutual⁸ adaptation, China and the ten ASEAN countries officially signed the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia in 2002, which announced to the world that regional countries had an official document to follow when dealing⁹ with issues in the South China Sea. Since then, the South China Sea disputes gradually quieted down and peace and stability was maintained for over a decade. The DOC won the reputation of a “stability anchor.” Article 4 of the DOC stipulates¹⁰ that, “The Parties concerned undertake to resolve their territorial and jurisdictional¹² disputes by peaceful means, without resorting to the threat or use of force, through friendly consultations¹³ and negotiations¹⁵ by sovereign states directly concerned, in accordance with universally recognized principles of international law, including the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.” With eight more years of joint⁵ efforts, China and the ten ASEAN countries reached agreement on the Guidelines for the Implementation¹⁶ of the DOC in 2011, and started the historical process of fully¹⁷ and effectively implementing¹⁸ the DOC.

　　然而，菲律宾本届政府上台后，背离善意合作的建设性态度，违反其在《宣言》中所作承诺，践踏各国为维护南海和平稳定的共同努力，在域外大国的怂恿支持下精心筹划一场“仲裁”闹剧，企图在南海再生事端。菲代理人在庭审中妄称，《宣言》“从未创设权利和义务”，只是“相互妥协”的“权宜之计”，歪曲各方共同承诺选择的“通过友好谈判协商解决争议”的道路，指称该承诺毫无约束力，且没有达到任何预期成果。菲代理人的此番言论实际上与菲方先前“诉状”内容一脉相承。人们不禁要问，如若一个主权国家可以背信弃义，随意背弃承诺，如若《宣言》真如菲方所称毫无意义，那么菲作为主权国家的国际信誉何在?南海又何来长达十多年的和平稳定?

　　However, since taking office, the current government of the Philippines has drastically changed the country’s constructive¹⁹ attitude for good faith cooperation in the past, gone back on its commitment under the DOC and trampled²⁰ on the common efforts of relevant countries in safeguarding peace and stability in the South China Sea. It meticulously²¹ planned an “arbitration” farce²² with the instigation and support of some country outside the region in an attempt to re-create disputes in the South China Sea. At the hearing, the Philippines’ counsel made unfounded statements that the DOC had never created any right or obligation and it was merely an expediency²³ of mutual compromise, and that the path of seeking dispute settlement through friendly negotiation¹⁴ chosen by the parties through joint commitment was non-binding and had not achieved any anticipated result. Such statements can be traced back to the earlier “Memorial” filed by the Philippine side. One cannot help but ask, if a sovereign state can dishonor its commitment and willfully break its promise, if the DOC is indeed as meaningless as claimed by the Philippine side, then where does the international reputation of the Philippines, a sovereign state, rest upon? And where did the peace and stability in the South China Sea for over a decade come from?!

　　人们注意到，仲裁庭在有关管辖权问题的裁决中，竟然将中国和东盟十国政府共同签署的《宣言》一贬到底。试问，占全球人口近1/3的十一国人民共同选择的争议解决道路岂是凭仲裁庭只言片语就可以随意颠覆?除此之外，有关裁决还歪曲解读《联合国海洋法公约》有关条款，对公约所规定的“就争议问题交换意见义务”任作解释，企图降低各缔约国进入争端强制解决程序的门槛，为一些国家策划新的闹剧铺平道路。这种随意扩大自我权限的行径，无疑是给一些人打着仲裁旗号胡闹之举开绿灯，注定不会得到主权国家的认同。

　　What is also astonishing is that the arbitral tribunal could not tell right from wrong and followed suit by belittling²⁴ the DOC, the document signed by the governments of China and the ten ASEAN countries, in its ruling on the relevant jurisdiction¹¹ issue. One cannot help but ask how can the choice of dispute settlement approach made by all the people of eleven countries, or nearly one third of the world’s population, be easily overturned by a word or two of the arbitral tribunal?! What’s more, the relevant ruling also gives a distorted interpretation²⁵ of the relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and arbitrarily interprets UNCLOS’ stipulation²⁶ on the “obligation to exchange views” on disputes. That is an attempt to lower the threshold for the states parties to enter into the compulsory²⁷ procedures and to pave the way for new farces²⁸ planned by some countries. If the interpretation of the arbitral tribunal becomes a reality, countries will be constantly involved in various legal actions and the world will hardly have a quiet day. All little disputes between two states will inevitably²⁹ lead to lawsuits³⁰. Such an act of arbitrarily expanding the power of oneself will never have the consent of sovereign states.

　　公平正义的国际法治不可能因为一场闹剧就被扭曲改写，《宣言》不会因为几句歪理便成为废纸一张，各成员国都有责任和义务维护《宣言》的有效性和权威性，使其继续发挥“定海神针”的作用。

　　The international rule of law upholding equity³¹ and justice cannot be distorted by a farce, and the DOC shall not become a scrap³² of paper just because of a few unfounded remarks. All parties to the DOC have the responsibility and obligation to safeguard its validity and authority, so that it can continue to play the role of a “stability anchor.”

 

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