万物简史 第125期:势不两立的科学(26)

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两人当中，柯普的科学成果要多得多。在他极其勤奋的一生中，他写出了大约1400篇学术论文，描述了近1300种新的化石（各种各样的化石，不仅仅是恐龙的化石）——在这两方面都超过马什的成果两倍以上。

Cope might have done even more, but unfortunately he went into a rather precipitate⁴ descent in his later years. Having inherited a fortune in 1875, he invested unwisely in silver and lost everything. He ended up living in a single room in a Philadelphia boarding house, surrounded by books, papers, and bones. Marsh by contrast finished his days in a splendid mansion⁵ in New Haven⁶. Cope died in 1897, Marsh two years later.

柯普本来可作出更大的贡献，但不幸的是，他在后来的几年中急速走下坡路。他在1875年继承了一笔财产，不大明智地把钱投资于金融业，结果全部泡汤。他最后住在费城一家寄居宿舍的单人房间里，身边堆满了书、文献和骨头。而马什的晚年是在纽黑文一栋富丽堂皇的房子里度过的。柯普死于1897年，两年后马什也与世长辞。

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In his final years, Cope developed one other interesting obsession⁷. It became his earnest wish to be declared the type specimen⁸ forHomo sapiens—that is, that his bones would be the official set for the human race. Normally, the type specimen of a species is the first set of bones found, but since no first set of Homo sapiens bones exists, there was a vacancy⁹, which Cope desired to fill. It was an odd and vain wish, but no one could think of any grounds to oppose it.

在最后的几年里，柯普产生了另一个有意思的念头。他殷切希望自己被宣布为“人类”的模式标本——即，把他的骨头作为人类的正式样板。在一般情况下，一个物种的模式标本就是被发现的第一副骨头，但由于“人类”的第一副骨头并不存在，就产生了一个空缺。柯普希望填补这个空缺。这是一个古怪而又没有价值的愿望，但谁也想不出理由来加以反对。

To that end, Cope willed his bones to the Wistar Institute, a learned society in Philadelphia endowed by the descendants of the seemingly inescapable Caspar Wistar. Unfortunately, after his bones were prepared and assembled, it was found that they showed signs of incipient¹⁰ syphilis, hardly a feature one would wish to preserve in the type specimen for one's own race. So Cope's petition and his bones were quietly shelved. There is still no type specimen for modern humans.

为此，柯普立下遗嘱，把自己的骨头捐献给费城的威斯塔研究所。那是个学术团体，是由好像无处不在的卡斯珀·威斯塔的后裔捐资成立的。不幸的是，经过处理和装配以后，人们发现他的骨头显示出患了早期梅毒的症状，谁也不愿意把这种特征保留在代表人类本身的模式标本上。于是，柯普的请求和他的骨头就不了了之。直到现在，现代人类仍然没有模式标本。

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