美国学生人类历史 第156期:十字军东征(5)

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But when the Crusader returned home, he was likely to imitate the manners which he had learned from his heathenish foe¹, compared to whom the average western knight² was still a good deal of a country bumpkin. 可一旦十字军战士有机会重返故里，他们便可能模仿刚从异教徒敌人那里学来的新奇迷人的优雅举止。与这些雍容优雅的东方敌人相比，欧洲骑士不过是乡下老粗。

He also brought with him several new food-stuffs, such as peaches and spinach³ which he planted in his garden and grew for his own benefit. 十字军战士还从东方带回来几种异国的植物种子，比如桃子和菠菜，种进自己的菜园里，不仅可以换换餐桌的口味，还能拿到市场出售。

He gave up the barbarous custom of wearing a load of heavy armour⁴ 他们抛弃披挂厚重铠甲的粗野习俗，

and appeared in the flowing robes of silk or cotton which were the traditional habit of the followers⁵ of the Prophet and were originally worn by the Turks. 转而模仿伊斯兰教徒及土耳其人的样子，穿起了丝绸或棉制的飘逸长袍。

Indeed the Crusades, which had begun as a punitive⁶ expedition against the Heathen, became a course of general instruction in civilisation⁷ for millions of young Europeans. 事实上，十字军运动最初是作为惩罚异教徒的宗教远征，到后来却变成了对成百万欧洲青年进行文明启蒙的教育课，其间的沧桑真的是耐人寻味。

From a military and political point of view the Crusades were a failure. 从政治和军事观点来看，十字军东征是一场彻底的失败。

Jerusalem and a number of cities were taken and lost. 耶路撒冷及其它小亚细亚的诸多城市失而复得，得而复失。

A dozen little kingdoms were established in Syria and Palestine and Asia Minor⁸, 虽然十字军曾在叙利亚、巴勒斯坦及小亚细亚建立起一系列小型的基督教王国，

but they were re-conquered by the Turks and after the year 1244 (when Jerusalem became definitely Turkish) the status of the Holy Land was the same as it had been before 1095. 可它们最终一一为土耳其人重新征服。到公元1244年，耶路撒冷仍稳稳控制在穆斯林手中，变成了一个完全土耳其化的城市。圣地的状况和公元1095年之前相比并未发生任何变化。

But Europe had undergone a great change. 不过，欧洲却因十字军运动经历了一场深刻的变革。

The people of the west had been allowed a glimpse of the light and the sunshine and the beauty of the east. 西方人民得以有机会一瞥东方文明的灿烂与优美。

Their dreary⁹ castles no longer satisfied them. They wanted a broader life. 这使得他们不再满足于阴沉乏味的城堡生活，转而寻求更宽广、更富活力的生活。

Neither Church nor State could give this to them. They found it in the cities. 这是教会和封建国家都无法给予他们的。这种生活，他们在城市里找到了。

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