万物简史 第519期:丰富多彩的生命(15)

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and order, class, and family in their biological senses all came into use in the 1750s and 1760s. 在18世纪50-60年代，生物学意义上的“目”、“纲”和“科”开始使用；

But phylum wasn't coined until 1876 (by the German Ernst Haeckel), 而“门”是l876年才（由德国人海克尔）创造出来的；

and family and order were treated as interchangeable until early in the twentieth century. 直到20世纪初，“科”和“目”一直被认为可以替换使用。

For a time zoologists² used family where botanists³ placed order, to the occasional confusion of nearly everyone. 植物学家使用“目”的地方，动物学家一度使用“科”，有时候几乎把大家搞得很糊涂。

(To illustrate⁴, humans are in the domain⁵ eucarya, in the kingdom animalia, in the phylum chordata, （比如，人类属于真核细胞域，动物界，脊索动物门，

in the subphylum vertebrata, in the class mammalia, in the order primates⁶, in the family hominidae, in the genus homo, in the species sapiens. 节肢动物亚门，哺乳动物纲，灵长动物目，人科，人属，智人种。

Some taxonomists employ further subdivisions: tribe, suborder, infraorder, parvorder, and more.) 有的分类学家还要细分：族、亚目、小目和下目。）

Linnaeus had divided the animal world into six categories: 林奈曾把动物界分为六类：

mammals, reptiles⁷, birds, fishes, insects, and "vermes," or worms, for everything that didn't fit into the first five. 哺乳动物类、爬行动物类、鸟类、鱼类、昆虫类和蠕虫类，凡是不能放在前五类的都放在第六类。

From the outset it was evident that putting lobsters⁸ and shrimp⁹ into the same category as worms was unsatisfactory, 从一开始就很明显，把龙虾和小虾都放在蠕虫类是不能令人满意的，

and various new categories such as Mollusca and Crustacea were created. 于是就创建了许多新的种类，如软体动物类和甲壳动物类。

Unfortunately these new classifications were not uniformly applied¹⁰ from nation to nation. 不幸的是，这种新的分类在各国用得很不统一。

 

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