万物简史 第520期:丰富多彩的生命(16)
时间：2019-02-18 07:40:55
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In an attempt to reestablish order, the British in 1842 proclaimed a new set of rules called the Stricklandian Code, 为了重新统一步调，英国人于l842年宣布了一套新的规则，叫做斯特里克兰法则，
but the French saw this as highhanded, and the Societe Zoologique countered with its own conflicting code. 但法国人把这看成是专横跋扈，动物学会马上予以反击，提出了自己的与之相矛盾的法则。
Meanwhile, the American
Ornithological1 Society, for obscure reasons, 与此同时，美国鸟类学会
decided2 to use the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae as the basis for all its naming, rather than the 1766 edition used elsewhere, 决定把l758年版的而不是别处使用的1766年版的“自然体系”作为所有命名的基础，原因不明。
which meant that many American birds spent the nineteenth century logged in different genera from their avian cousins in Europe. 这意味着。在19世纪，许多美国鸟儿被归于与它们的欧洲兄弟鸟儿不同的属。
Not until 1902, at an early meeting of the International Congress of
Zoology3, 直到1902年，在国际动物学代表大会的一次会议上，
did
naturalists4 begin at last to show a spirit of compromise and adopt a universal code. 博物学家们才终于开始显示出妥协精神，采用了统一的法则。
Taxonomy is described sometimes as a science and sometimes as an art, but really it's a battleground. 分类学有时候被描述成一门科学，有时候被描述成一种艺术，但实际上那是一个战场。
Even today there is more
disorder5 in the system than most people realize. 即使到了今天，那个体系比许多人认为的还要混乱。
Take the category of the phylum, the division that describes the basic body plans of all organisms. 以描述生物基本横剖面的门的划分为例，
A few phyla are generally well known, such as mollusks (the home of
clams6 and snails), arthropods (insects and crustaceans), 有几个门是大家都很熟悉的，如软体动物（包括蛤蜊和蜗牛）、节肢动物（包括昆虫和甲壳虫）
and chordates (us and all other animals with a
backbone7 or protobackbone), though things then move swiftly in the direction of obscurity. 和脊索动物（包括我们以及所有有脊骨或原始脊骨的动物）；除此以外，情况很快变得越来越模糊。
Among the latter we might list Gnathostomulida (marine worms), 在模糊不清的门当中，我们可以列举颌胃门（海洋蠕虫）、
Cnidaria (jellyfish, medusae,
anemones8, and corals), and the delicate Priapulida (or little "penis worms"). 剌胞亚门（水母、水螅水母和珊瑚）和锯棘门（或称小小的“阴茎蠕虫”）。
Familiar or not, these are elemental divisions. 不管熟悉不熟悉，这些都是基本的门类。
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