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The American space agency NASA is preparing to launch a spacecraft to seek more detailed information on water sources on the moon.
The spacecraft is an orbiter called Lunar Trailblazer. It is set to launch later this year, or in early 2025. A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will carry the orbiter to space. That rocket will also transport another moon exploring spacecraft.
In a recent statement, NASA said Lunar Trailblazer passed a series of important operational tests. It is currently completing additional software testing designed to simulate different elements of the trip, or mission.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is leading the mission, in cooperation with the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, California. Lockheed Martin Space provided the spacecraft, linked it with the flight system, and supports operations as part of a contract with Caltech.
The spacecraft will use two science instruments to carry out its mission. Both instruments are designed to map the moon in search of areas containing water, as well as what forms the water is in. The two instruments use infrared technology to produce highly detailed mapped images.
Lunar Trailblazer weighs about 200 kilograms and measures 3.5 meters with its solar equipment fully deployed. The spacecraft is set to orbit the moon about 100 kilometers from the lunar surface.
Several past studies have provided strong evidence that water exists on the moon. But the evidence has not included exact details on where it is and what forms it might take. Scientists believe most of the water is solid, in the form of ice. But there could be areas where water exists in liquid form, or as a gas in the atmosphere.
One study released last month suggested that existing water on the moon is more widespread than previously thought. That study was based on new examinations of data collected by India's Chandrayaan-1 orbiting spacecraft.
NASA has said its search for water on the moon is important because it is seen as a necessary resource for future exploration activities. Astronauts could process it for drinking water, to cool equipment, to create breathable oxygen or even to make rocket fuel.
NASA said Lunar Trailblazer will make it easier for future human or robotic science investigators to use the water to see where it first came from.
For example, the presence of ammonia in ice could suggest it came from comets, NASA said. The presence of sulfur, on the other hand, could show it rose to the surface from deep inside the lunar interior when the moon was young and volcanically active.
One of the instruments, the High-resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Mapper, was developed by the JPL. The other, called the Lunar Thermal Mapper, was built by a team at the University of Oxford in Britain.
Neil Bowles is an instrument scientist for the Lunar Thermal Mapper. He said in a statement the instrument would center on producing detailed maps of lunar surface temperatures. He added that the other instrument will look for a series of signs, called signatures, of water molecules.
"Both instruments will allow us to understand how surface temperature affects water, improving our knowledge of the presence and distribution of these molecules on the moon," Bowles said.
The orbiter is designed to provide scientists with new information about how much movement there is of water molecules on the moon. Such movements can be linked to how much sun specific areas receive. "Understanding whether water molecules move freely across the surface of the moon or are locked inside rock is also scientifically important," NASA said in a statement.
Rachel Klima is an investigator for the Lunar Trailblazer spacecraft and its systems at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland.
She said data collected by the instruments can help provide information about where the moon's water first came from. Klima compared such examinations to those involving glaciers that help scientists learn about Earth's ancient history. Ice on the moon, she said, "could provide clues as to where that water came from and how and when it got there."
I'm Bryan Lynn.
Bryan Lynn wrote this story for VOA Learning English, based on reports from NASA.
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Words in This Story
simulate - v. to do or make something that behaves or looks like something real but is not
comet - n. an object in space that leaves a bright line behind it in the sky
allow - v. to permit
distribute - v. to give something out to people or places
glacier - n. a large mass of ice that moves very slowly, usually down a hill or valley
clue - n. a sign or a piece of information that helps to solve a problem or answer a question
0 across | |
adv.横过,使...被理解(或接受);prep.穿过,横过 | |
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0 active | |
adj.活跃的,积极的 | |
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0 activities | |
n.活动( activity的名词复数 );活力;活动力 | |
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0 added | |
adj.更多的,附加的,额外的 | |
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0 additional | |
adj.添加的,额外的,另外的 | |
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0 affects | |
v.影响( affect的第三人称单数 );假装;感动;(疾病)侵袭 | |
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0 agency | |
n.经办;代理;代理处 | |
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0 allow | |
vi.(for)考虑到;vt. 允许,准许 | |
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0 also | |
adv.也,亦;并且;同样;而且,还 | |
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0 American | |
adj.美国(洲)的;美国人的;n.美国人,美洲人 | |
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0 ancient | |
adj.古代的,古老的;n.古人 | |
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0 another | |
adj.另外的,再一,不同的;prep.另外一个,另一个人,同类的东西;pron.另一个,另外一个人,他人 | |
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0 applied | |
adj.应用的;v.应用,适用 | |
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0 areas | |
地区,区域(area 的复数形式);面积;领域 | |
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0 as | |
conj.按照;如同 | |
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0 astronauts | |
n.宇航员,太空人( astronaut的名词复数 ) | |
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0 atmosphere | |
n.大气,空气,气氛,大气层,大气圈 | |
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0 based | |
v.立基于 | |
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0 because | |
conj.由于,因为 | |
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0 behaves | |
v.(行为或举止)表现( behave的第三人称单数 );工作;(使)守规矩 | |
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0 believe | |
v.相信;认为 | |
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0 both | |
prep.两者(都),双方(都)adj.两个…(都) | |
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0 bright | |
adj.明亮的;聪明的 | |
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0 Britain | |
n.英国;不列颠(英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰) | |
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0 built | |
v.build的过去式和过去分词 | |
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0 California | |
n.加利福尼亚(美国) | |
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0 called | |
v.叫( call的过去式和过去分词 );通电话;认为;估计 | |
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0 came | |
v.动词come的过去式 | |
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0 carry | |
v.拿,搬,运,带,提,抬,抱,背等 | |
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0 center | |
n.中心,中央;vi.居中;vt.使集中 | |
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0 clue | |
n.线索;提示;词语 | |
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0 clues | |
n.线索( clue的名词复数 );提示;(帮助警方破案的)线索;(纵横填字谜、游戏或问题的)提示词语 | |
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0 collected | |
adj.镇定的;收集成的v.收集( collect的过去式和过去分词) | |
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0 comet | |
n.慧星 | |
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0 compared | |
adj.比较的,对照的 | |
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0 completing | |
完成; 使完善( complete的现在分词 ); 使完整; 填写(表格) | |
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0 containing | |
v.控制( contain的现在分词 );克制;牵制;包含 | |
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0 contract | |
n.合同,契约,婚约;v.使缩短,感染,订约 | |
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0 cool | |
adj.凉的,凉爽的 | |
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0 cooperation | |
n.合作,协力,合作社 | |
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0 could | |
v.能,可能(can的过去式);aux.v.(can的过去式)能;可以 | |
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0 create | |
vt.创造,造成 | |
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0 currently | |
adv.通常地,普遍地,当前 | |
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0 data | |
n.数据,论据,资料 | |
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0 deep | |
adj.深的,深长的;深奥的;强烈;adv.深,迟 | |
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0 deployed | |
(尤指军事行动)使展开( deploy的过去式和过去分词 ); 施展; 部署; 有效地利用 | |
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0 designed | |
adj.故意的,有计划的,特意的 | |
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0 detailed | |
adj.详细的,详尽的,极注意细节的,完全的 | |
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0 details | |
n.详细资料;详述( detail的名词复数 );(照片、绘画等的)细部;细目;各种细节 | |
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0 developed | |
adj.先进的;发达的(国家或地区) | |
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0 different | |
adj.不同的,有区别的,不一致的 | |
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0 distribute | |
vt.分配,分发,分布,散布,分类 | |
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0 distribution | |
n.运送;分发,分配;分布,分布状态 | |
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0 early | |
adj.早(期)的,在前的;早熟的;adv.在早期;早 | |
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0 elements | |
原理,基础; 要素(旧时认为土、空气、火和水是构成一切物质的四大要素)( element的名词复数 ); (化学)元素; 基础; 成分 | |
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0 equipment | |
n.装备,设备 | |
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0 even | |
adj.平坦的,偶数的,相等的;adv.甚至,恰好,正当 | |
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0 evidence | |
n.明显,显著,明白,迹象,根据,[物]证据,证物 | |
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0 exact | |
adj.确切的,正确的;准确的,精确的;vt.强要,强求;急需,需要 | |
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0 examinations | |
n.检查( examination的名词复数 );考试;考查;试题 | |
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0 example | |
n.榜样,例子 | |
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0 existing | |
adj.目前的;现存的v.存在( exist的现在分词);持续存在 | |
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0 exists | |
v.存在( exist的第三人称单数 );生存;(尤指在特殊的条件下或在特定的场所)发现;持续存在 | |
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0 exploration | |
n.探险,踏勘,探测 | |
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0 exploring | |
n.扫描adj.探索的,探测的v.勘查,探测,勘探( explore的现在分词 );探索,探究,仔细查看 | |
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0 falcon | |
n.隼,猎鹰 | |
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0 first | |
adj.第一的;adv.首先 | |
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0 flight | |
n.飞行,飞机的航程,航班;逃跑 | |
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0 form | |
n.形式,形状,表格;v.形成,组成,建立 | |
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0 forms | |
n.形状( form的名词复数 );(空白)表格(纸);方式;组成v.形成,构成,产生( form的第三人称单数 );是;(使)成形;结成(友谊) | |
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0 freely | |
adv.自由地,随便地,无拘无束地 | |
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0 fuel | |
n.燃料,木炭;vt.加燃料,供以燃料;vi.得到燃料 | |
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0 fully | |
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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0 future | |
adj.将来的,未来的;n.将来,未来 | |
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0 gas | |
n.煤气,气体,汽油;vt.毒(死),加油 | |
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0 glacier | |
n.冰川,冰河 | |
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0 glaciers | |
冰河,冰川( glacier的名词复数 ) | |
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0 got | |
v.(get的过去式)得到,猜到,明白 | |
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0 help | |
v.帮助,帮忙 | |
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0 highly | |
adv.高度地,极,非常;非常赞许地 | |
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0 history | |
n.历史,历史学;经历 | |
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0 human | |
n.人,人类;adj.人类的,人性的,有同情心的 | |
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0 ice | |
n.冰;矜持;v.冰冻,结冰 | |
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0 images | |
n.比喻( image的名词复数 );形象;印象;镜像 | |
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0 important | |
adj.重要的;重大的;严重的 | |
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0 improving | |
n.改进,改善(质量),精炼v.改善,改进,提高( improve的现在分词 );提高(土地、地产)的价值;利用(机会);抓紧(时间) | |
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0 included | |
adj.被包括的;[植]内藏的;(几何)两交叉直线所夹的v.包括( include的过去式和过去分词);包含;列入;包住 | |
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0 information | |
n.起诉;信息,消息;知识;报告,通知,情报 | |
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0 infrared | |
adj./n.红外线(的) | |
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0 inside | |
n.内部,内脏,内幕;adj.内部的,秘密的,户内的;prep.在...之内 | |
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0 institute | |
n.学会,协会;讲习会,讲座;vt.建立,设立;开始 | |
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0 instrument | |
n.乐器,工具,仪器,器械 | |
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0 instruments | |
n.器具( instrument的名词复数 );工具;(尤指航空中用于操作的)仪器;乐器 | |
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0 interior | |
adj.在内的,内部的,内地的,国内的;n.内部 | |
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0 investigator | |
n.研究者,调查者,审查者 | |
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0 investigators | |
n.调查者,审查者( investigator的名词复数 ) | |
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0 involving | |
表明(某人参与了罪行等)( involve的现在分词 ); 使参与; 牵涉; 使专心于 | |
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0 jet | |
n.喷气发动机,喷气式飞机;v.喷出,喷射 | |
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0 kilograms | |
n.千克( kilogram的名词复数 ) | |
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0 kilometers | |
n.千米,公里( kilometer的名词复数 ) | |
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0 knowledge | |
n.知识,学识,学问;知晓,了解 | |
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0 laboratory | |
n.实验室,化验室 | |
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0 large | |
adj.大的,大量的,宽大的 | |
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0 later | |
adv.过后,后来;adj.以后的,更后的,较晚的 | |
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0 launch | |
vt.发动,推出;发射;n.发射,下水,投产 | |
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0 leading | |
adj.领导的,指导的;第一位的,最主要的;扮演主角的;n.领导,率领,领先;引导 | |
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0 learning | |
n.学问,学识,学习;动词learn的现在分词 | |
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0 leaves | |
n.树叶,花瓣; leaf 的复数; leave 的单数第三人称现在式 | |
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0 line | |
n.线;排,行 | |
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0 linked | |
adj.连接的,显示连环遗传的v.连接( link的过去式和过去分词 );联系;相关联;说明(两件东西或两人之间)有联系(或关系) | |
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0 liquid | |
n.液体,流体,流音;adj.液体的,透明的,明亮的,流动的,易变的 | |
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0 locked | |
adj.上锁的;不灵活的;锁定的;下定决心的v.锁住( lock的过去式和过去分词);卡住,不动;陷入;卷入(困境、争论、争执等) | |
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0 lunar | |
adj.阴历的,月的,微亮的(指光) | |
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0 map | |
n.地图;图;天体图 | |
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0 mapped | |
映射,绘制…的地图,计划 | |
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0 mapper | |
n.制图人 | |
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0 maps | |
abbr.monopropellant accessory power supply 单元推进剂附件能量供给;Mothers of AIDS Patients 爱滋病患者的母亲n.地图( map的名词复数 );天体图 | |
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0 martin | |
(男名)马丁 | |
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0 mass | |
n.块,大多数,质量,大量,群众,弥撒;adj.群众的,大规模的,集中的;vt.使集合 | |
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0 measures | |
n.程度;度量法;度量单位;度量器具;(一定的)量( measure的名词复数 );程度;措施v.量( measure的第三人称单数 );测量;衡量;量出 | |
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0 meters | |
n.米( meter的名词复数 );计;表;(用于测量电、煤气、水等,以及时间和距离的)计量器 | |
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0 might | |
aux./v.(may的过去式)可能;可以,允许 | |
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0 minerals | |
n.矿物( mineral的名词复数 );矿石;矿物质;汽水 | |
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0 mission | |
n.使命,任务,天职;代表团,使团 | |
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0 molecules | |
分子( molecule的名词复数 ) | |
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0 month | |
n.月,月份 | |
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0 moon | |
n.月亮 | |
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0 most | |
adj.最多的(many,much的最高级) | |
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0 move | |
vt.移动;感动;vi.移动;运行;n.走棋;步骤 | |
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0 movement | |
n.运动;动作;运转 | |
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0 movements | |
n.整个活动;运动( movement的名词复数 );动作;移动;调动 | |
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0 moves | |
鸽子 | |
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0 necessary | |
adj.必需的,必要的;n.(pl.)必需品 | |
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0 object | |
n.物,物体,目标,宾语;v.反对 | |
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0 operational | |
adj.运转的,即可使用的;操作上的 | |
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0 operations | |
n.操作( operation的名词复数 );(军事)行动;运算;作用 | |
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0 orbit | |
n.轨道;vt.使沿轨道运行;使进入轨道运行;vi.沿轨道运行,环行 | |
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0 orbiting | |
a.环绕的 | |
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0 Oxford | |
n.牛津(英国城市) | |
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0 oxygen | |
n.氧;氧气 | |
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0 part | |
n.部份,零件;角色,部位;vt.分开,分离,分配;vi.分离,离开;adv.部份地;adj.分离的 | |
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0 passed | |
adj.已经通过的;已经过去的;考试及格的;(指红利)未及时发放的v.走过( pass的过去式和过去分词 );通过;批准;度过 | |
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0 past | |
n.过去,昔时,往事,早年经历,过去时;adj.过去的,结束的,卸任的,过去时的;prep.越过,晚于,超越,超出...的可能性(能力、范围等);pass的过去分词 | |
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0 people | |
n.人们,人;(the-)人民;一国人民,民族 | |
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0 permit | |
n.许可证,许可,执照;vt.允许,容许;vi.容许 | |
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0 physics | |
n.物理学;物理过程 | |
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0 places | |
n.位( place的名词复数 );地方;职位;座位 | |
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0 preparing | |
adj.准备的,预备的v.准备( prepare的现在分词 );预备(饭菜);配备;使(自己)有准备 | |
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0 presence | |
n.出席;到场;存在 | |
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0 previously | |
adv.以前,先前(地) | |
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0 process | |
n.程序,进行,过程;vt.加工,处理,对…处置,对…起诉;adj.经加工的,三色版的 | |
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0 produce | |
n.产品,农作物;vt.生产,提出,引起,分娩,制片;vi.生产,制造 | |
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0 producing | |
n.生产的v.生产( produce的现在分词 );产生;制作;创作 | |
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0 provide | |
vi.供给,提供;vt.提供;规定;准备 | |
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0 provided | |
conj.假如,若是;adj.预备好的,由...供给的 | |
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0 real | |
adj.真实的;非虚构的;真正的;非常的 | |
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0 receive | |
v.接收;收到;得到 | |
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0 recent | |
adj.近来的,新近的 | |
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0 released | |
v.释放( release的过去式和过去分词 );放开;发布;发行 | |
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0 reports | |
n.报告( report的名词复数 );成绩报告单;传闻;流言蜚语 | |
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0 resource | |
n.资源,财力 | |
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0 rock | |
n.岩石,岩礁,巨石;v.摇摆,摇动 | |
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0 rocket | |
n.火箭,烟火;v.发射火箭,猛涨 | |
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0 rose | |
n.玫瑰,蔷薇;v.(rise的过去式)起立,上升,升起 | |
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0 said | |
v.动词say的过去式、过去分词 | |
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0 science | |
n.科学,学科,学问,自然科学; | |
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0 scientifically | |
adv.合乎科学地 | |
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0 scientist | |
n.(自然)科学家 | |
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0 scientists | |
n.科学家( scientist的名词复数 ) | |
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0 search | |
n.搜寻,探究;v.搜寻,探求,调查 | |
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0 seek | |
vt.寻求,寻找,探索,追求,搜索,请求;vi.寻找,搜索 | |
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0 seen | |
vbl.(see的过去分词)看见 | |
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0 series | |
n.连续;系列 | |
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0 set | |
n.组合,集合,设定;一套,一副,一局比赛;v.放置,设定;(太阳)落下去 | |
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0 several | |
adj.几个,若干,数个;各个的,各自的 | |
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0 show | |
v.出示;告知;n.展览(会);演出,节目 | |
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0 signatures | |
n.签名( signature的名词复数 );署名;签署;明显特征 | |
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0 signs | |
n.手势( sign的名词复数 );[医学]征;标记;招牌 | |
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0 simulate | |
vt.模仿,模拟,假装,冒充 | |
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0 sky | |
n.天;天空 | |
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0 slowly | |
adv.慢地,缓慢地 | |
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0 software | |
n.软件,程序设计 | |
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0 solar | |
adj.太阳的,日光的;利用太阳能的;根据太阳决定或测定的 n.日光浴室 | |
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0 solid | |
adj.固体的,结实的,可靠的,实心的;n.固体,实心;adv. 一致地 | |
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0 something | |
pron.某事,某物;被视为有意义的事物 | |
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0 sources | |
原因( source的名词复数 ); [物理学]源; 来源; 起源 | |
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0 space | |
n.太空,宇宙空间 | |
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0 spacecraft | |
n.太空船,宇宙飞船 | |
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0 specific | |
adj.明确的;具体的;特定的 | |
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0 statement | |
n.陈述;声明;综述 | |
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0 strong | |
adj.坚固的,强壮的 | |
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0 studies | |
n.研究;书房( study的名词复数 );研究论文v.学习,研究( study的第三人称单数 );想出;详细地检查;背诵(台词等) | |
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0 study | |
vt.学习;研究;细看;vi.读书;n.学习;研究 | |
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0 such | |
adj.如此的,这样的;pron.这样的;adv.如此地 | |
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0 suggest | |
vt.提议,建议,促成,暗示,启发,使人想起 | |
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0 suggested | |
暗示的 | |
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0 sulfur | |
n.硫,硫磺(=sulphur) | |
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0 supports | |
v.支持( support的第三人称单数 );帮助;支撑;维持 | |
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0 surface | |
n.表面,平面;adj.表面的,肤浅的;v.使...成平面,被露出来,在表面工作 | |
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0 system | |
n.系统,体系,制度,方式,秩序,分类原则 | |
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0 systems | |
n.[物理化学]系( system的名词复数 );制度;身体;系统 | |
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0 team | |
n.队,组;v.协同工作 | |
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0 technology | |
n.技术,工艺(学) | |
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0 temperature | |
n.温度 | |
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0 temperatures | |
n.温度( temperature的名词复数 );气温;高烧;发烧 | |
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0 testing | |
n.试验,测试 | |
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0 tests | |
n.试验( test的名词复数 );考验;测验;化验v.测验( test的第三人称单数 );考查;考验;勘探 | |
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0 thermal | |
adj.热的,由热造成的;保暖的 | |
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0 thought | |
n.想法,思想,思维,思潮,关心,挂念;v.vbl.think的过去式和过去分词 | |
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0 transport | |
n.运输、运输工具;(常用复数)强烈的情绪、狂喜或狂怒; vt.运输;流放;为强烈的情绪所激动 | |
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0 trip | |
n.(短途)旅行;旅程 | |
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0 understand | |
vt.理解,闻知;vi.理解,相信,表示同情 | |
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0 understanding | |
adj.能谅解的;通情达理的;n.理解 | |
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0 university | |
n.大学 | |
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0 use | |
v.使用;n.用途,利用 | |
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0 usually | |
adv.通常,平常,一般 | |
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0 valley | |
adj.流域,山谷,峡谷;n.山谷,溪谷 | |
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0 volcanically | |
adv.火山似地,猛烈地 | |
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0 was | |
v.(is,am的过去式)是,在 | |
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0 weighs | |
v.称…的重量( weigh的第三人称单数 );重达;权衡,考虑;有…重 | |
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0 whether | |
conj.是否…,是不是…;是否…,是不是… | |
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0 widespread | |
adj.广布的,普及的,流传宽广的 | |
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0 words | |
n.字( word的名词复数 );(说的)话;诺言;口令 | |
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0 would | |
aux.will的过去式;愿,要;常常;大概;将要,会 | |
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0 wrote | |
v.(write的过去式)写 | |
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0 year | |
n.年,年度,学年;adj./adv.每年,一年一次 | |
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0 young | |
adj.年轻的,幼小的;没经验的;n.青年人 | |
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