immigration

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immigration 移民

 

NB: Please note this is not a word for word transcript² of the audio programme

Gary:Today’s “big story” is migration¹. We’ll focus on some of the issues and, of course, the language behind the topic, and we’ll look at how migration is reported in the news. 

The International Organisation³ for Migration is based in Geneva. It has members from more than a hundred countries, and works with migrants and governments to set up policies to ‘manage migration flows for the benefit of all’. I spoke⁴ on the telephone to the IOM’s spokesperson Jean-Philippe Chauzy, and I wondered first of all if he could provide us with a working definition of the term “migrant”.

Clip       Jean-Philippe Chauzy

Well, yes. The general definition is for someone who will leave his or her own country to work abroad for a period of time – several months, years. Now, if looking for broader definition, also looking at people who decide to circulate（流通，循环）, in other words migrate from one country to another, following opportunities on global labour market. Or, at other end of spectrum（范围，系列）, people smuggled（走私）across borders in clandestine⁵ fashion and will end up in exploitative networks – enforced labour or sexual exploitation（性虐待，性剥削）.

Gary:Migration itself isn’t a new phenomenon. In fact, during the 19th-century, roughly one in ten people could be classed as an international migrant. But how does this compare with the situation today? I asked Jean-Philippe Chauzy why people choose to leave their country of birth, and how many people are doing this.

 

Clip       Jean-Philippe Chauzy

Well, first, I think fair to say no country in world unaffected by international migration flows. Today, most countries are countries of origin/transit/destination for migrants – or all three. The numbers we have: stock number for international migrants today worldwide, hovering⁷ around 175 migrants, roughly one person in 35. In more developed regions of world, percentage is higher: 1 in 10.

Gary: Well, as you say, those are quite staggering figures. And I guess people are moving for different reasons?

Jean-Philippe: Yes absolutely. If you’re looking at economic migration, mostly it’s the lack of socio-economic prospects⁸ at home that will push people to leave, to migrate in search of better opportunities. And that’s one of main “push” factors. But you could also look at issue of bad governance（统治，支配）; and also fact you have people who flee （逃避）conflict, civil strife⁹, ecological¹⁰ degradation（退化）. All these are push factors.

Gary: And if there are these push factors that lead people to migrate, I guess you might refer as well to “pull factors”, what are these pull factors? What might these pull factors be?

Jean-Philippe: Amongst the pull factors, the fact that migrants know will find better paid employment in the country of destination – most of the time in informal sector¹¹. There’s also fact that in many countries, large Diasporas will facilitate the arrival of the migrants. Also fair to say now highly sophisticated（诡辩的，久经世故的）criminal networks, that are operating, smuggling¹² or trafficking networks operation worldwide, and that are making huge amounts of money, billions of dollars every year, helping¹³ migrants to cross borders illegally – these are smugglers; or helping migrants cross borders illegally, to keep those migrants in exploitative networks – we’re looking now at trafficking networks.

Gary: Could we look at another couple of terms that often appear in news stories, one is remittances¹⁴ and the other is to do with the brain drain（人才外流）. Maybe let’s start with the brain drain?

Jean-Philippe: Well, the brain drain, this expression has been around for decades, it qualifies, the fact that skilled human resources are leaving developing countries and are benefiting developed countries, in other words a doctor or nurse might be trained in a developing country and then person will find employment in more developed country and leave country of origin. Of course, a great loss for the country of origin.

Gary: Is there anything we can do about this brain drain?

Jean-Philippe: Well, we’re saying at IOM migration can be and should be associated to development of countries of origin. You can ask qualified¹⁵ migrants to go back to countries of origin for short periods of time, so they can transfer their knowledge and skills. The other thing is, migration can be assoc to development if looking at issue of remittances – money sent back by Diaspora to country of origin. The figures are quite staggering. World Bank figures for Africa hover⁶ around 80 billion dollars a year. In other words, amount of remittances in Africa is higher than development aid. So has to be way to capitalise on these remittances, to make sure they contribute to economic development of the home country.

Gary: The benefits of migration can be substantial. The country of origin can benefit economically when migrants send money back to their families at home. Migrant workers can acquire skills and knowledge to take home to their own communities. And the country of destination may be able to use migrant workers to fill job vacancies（职务空缺）, where they don’t have enough skilled labour of their own. But not everyone is a winner: there can be problems as well as benefits. 

Clip Jean-Philippe Chauzy 

 

A lot of people want to migrate but there are few channels to allow them to do so legally. What most would-be migrants will do is look at ways of using smuggling and trafficking networks. That has very serious impact – on well-being¹⁶ of migrant who might find self in dangerous and exploitative situation. But also on host country because irregular migrants will never be able to integrate（整合）. Won’t be able to send children to school, rights abused. One of the other aspects, because fewer channels to migrate legally, and because turn to smuggling, this benefits highly-organised criminal networks, making billion of dollars smuggling and trafficking people – it’s become in a way the new slave trade.

Gary:Jean-Philippe Chauzy of the International Organisation for Migration. In the final part of today’s programme, I’d like to play you part of a report I saw on BBC television news. The report explains how Britain’s health service has been hiring nurses from the Philippines because of a shortage of trained staff in British hospitals. As we’ve discovered in The Big Story today, there can be winners and losers in this type of exchange. For example, you’ll hear about the financial benefits for those who find work in Britain. But you’ll also hear about a “brain drain” taking place in the Philippines as a result. The reporter is Clive Myrie. (本文由在线英语听力室整理编辑)

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