Much of the world's electronic waste is being shipped to China for recycling and the cottage industry（家庭手工业） that has sprung up there to recover usable materials from computers, cell phones, televisions and other goods may be creating significant health and environmental hazards（环境公害） . Scientists from China and the United States have identified numerous toxic1 elements in the emissions2 from an e-waste recycling workshop in southern China, which uses low-tech methods to separate reusable electronic components3 from the circuit boards. It is not an isolated4 case, the scientists point out: such methods are used all over China.
Results of their study have been published in the journal Atmospheric5 Environment.
"The most immediate6 problem is the health of the workers and the people who live in the city," said Bernd R.T. Simoneit, a professor emeritus（退休的） at Oregon State University and one of the authors of the study. "But this may also be contributing to global contamination（污染） . For example, previous studies have found carcinogens（致癌物） in wind-carried dust from Asia."
Simoneit is a widely published scientist who has been involved in numerous studies identifying chemical "signatures" for emissions, including coal smoke, biomass burning, petroleum-based fuels and even the burning of municipal refuse（垃圾，废物） . By using mass spectrometers（质谱仪） and other sophisticated instrumentation, the researchers can pinpoint7 the contributions of specific emissions to the atmosphere.
Their work in China was conducted in Shantou City, a town of 150,000 people located in southern China's Guangdong Province. They collected samples during four working days, when workers were removing the electronic components by heating the circuit boards over grills8 on stoves burning coal briquettes（煤块） .
The workshop had 24 stoves along three walls, and an estimated five tons of circuit boards stacked along the fourth wall for processing. Workers would use the grills to melt the solder（焊料，接合物） , and then remove reusable portions of the circuitry.
The research team included five Chinese scientists and Simoneit, who has dual9 appointments in OSU's College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences and the Department of Chemistry. The researchers found that through this "roasting process," numerous organic chemicals, heavy metals, flame retardants（阻燃剂） and persistent10 organic pollutants11 (or POPs持久性有机污染物) were emitted into the air via the smoke. The chemical signature created by this process of roasting or toasting circuit boards "is unmistakable."
"The next step is to see to what extent this is harming the environment and creating a health hazard for both the workers, and people living in the path of the emissions – either through inhalation, or exposure to the skin," Simoneit said. "Some of these chemical compounds may be carcinogens; others may be just as harmful because they can act as 'environmental disruptors' and may affect body processes from reproduction to endocrine（内分泌的，激素的） function."
The Chinese authors of the study are affiliated12 with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and include lead author Xinhui Bi, with ZhenZhen Wang, Xinming Wang, Guoying Sheng and Jiamo Fu.
Simoneit also is working with scientists in India to identify chemical signatures from the burning of wire and other materials, which is done to recycle copper13 and other minerals. And he is working in Saudi Arabia on a different problem – helping14 develop "green chemistry" methods for recycling that country's massive urban waste to create methane（甲烷，沼气） .
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