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词性--名词

时间:2011-09-15 01:46:12

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(单词翻译)

名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.

1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic2 of China(中华人民共和国) 
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange;
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news3, oil4, population5, information6 .
2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.  
3、名词所有格:
1、  名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如:
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、[注解]:
① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:
1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:The computer was7 a great invention8.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police9, school等)做句子主语时,
①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
②如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有张中国地图)
3、Chinese, Japanese10, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard11.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:
The trousers  are  very  cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students  are playing  baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)  A lot of time was wasted12 on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking13 apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips  is  very famous14 food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I  are required15 to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing16 at the side17 of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
11、either18…or…或者 neither19…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor  I  am  going20  there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers21 is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet22 is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted23.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
    但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
5、部分名词用法辨析:
1、sport、game、match、race 的区别:sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic24 Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won25 the league26 match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
  2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television27 Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during28 the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey29tour30、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made31 up his mind32 to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took33 several34 trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did35 you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels36?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling37 through thick forests38 is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
   4、sound、noise、voice39的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake40 in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden41 there was the sound of shots42 and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as1 a result43 of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
   5、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool44. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer45 fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)

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1 as pNiyL     
conj.按照;如同
参考例句:
  • He got work in a hotel as a waiter.他在一家旅馆找到了当服务生的工作。
  • In the hotel,the old men were drinking away as usual.在旅馆里,这些老人和往常一样喝个不停。
2 republic CW6xx     
n.共和国,共和政体,团体,界
参考例句:
  • The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。
  • The PRC stands for the People's Republic of China.PRE代表中华人民共和国。
3 news OG1xE     
n.新闻,消息
参考例句:
  • No news is good news.没有消息就是好消息。
  • I like reading hot news.我喜欢读热点新闻。
4 oil IIJx5     
n.油,油画颜料;v.涂油,溶化,加油
参考例句:
  • China is rich in oil resources.中国的石油资源丰富。
  • It might need some oil.它大概需要一些油。
5 population YOyxU     
n.人口,人数
参考例句:
  • What is the population of london?伦敦的人口是多少?
  • China has a huge population.中国有众多的人口。
6 information QQ5zY     
n.起诉;信息,消息;知识;报告,通知,情报
参考例句:
  • I hope the information I gave you was helpful.我希望我给你的消息对你有所帮助。
  • We must get further information.我们必须获得更多的消息。
7 was bglwv     
v.(is,am的过去式)是,在
参考例句:
  • He said he was right.他说他是正确的。
  • He was cold and hungry.他又冷又饿。
8 invention 34Jx8     
n.发明;制造
参考例句:
  • It's a most useful invention.这是一项极其有用的发明。
  • Paper is also an invention by the Chinese.纸也是中国人发明的。
9 police rOKxD     
n.警察,警察当局,治安,公安;vt.维持治安,警备,管辖
参考例句:
  • They sent him over to the police.他们将他遣送警察局。
  • It took the police only several days to break the case.警察只用了几天就破案了。
10 Japanese W3vxm     
n.日本人;日语;日文;adj.日本的;日本语的
参考例句:
  • This is of Japanese make.这是日本制造的。
  • He began to learn Japanese three years ago.3年前他开始学日语。
11 yard oMxzL     
n.庭院,院子
参考例句:
  • There is an apple in the yard.院子里有一个苹果。
  • The children are playing in the yard.孩子们正在院子里玩耍。
12 wasted wasted     
adj.(常指因病而)憔悴的,疲惫不堪;徒劳的;无用的
参考例句:
  • The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money. 那项工程耗费了相当多的时间和资金。
  • We had a wasted trip—they weren't in. 我们白跑了一趟,他们不在。
13 picking 98e2c46bb2a318620854ac7a082f5a2d     
v.采摘;采( pick的现在分词 );摘;啄;叼n.采摘;掘,撬开;采得物,赃物
参考例句:
  • He sat there ruminating and picking at the tablecloth. 他坐在那儿沉思,轻轻地抚弄着桌布。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The artist is picking in shadows in the picture. 这位画家正在画面上画阴影。 来自《简明英汉词典》
14 famous xloxC     
adj.著名的,驰名的,闻名遐迩的;极好的;擅长的
参考例句:
  • The hotel is famous for its suppers.那个酒店以晚餐而著称。
  • He is famous for his learning.他以有学问而出名。
15 required ac67ede5a84eb5a1add7ff4440e9a485     
adj.必须的,(学科)必修的v.要求( require的过去式和过去分词 );需要;想要;命令
参考例句:
  • Fluency in French is required for this job. 这个工作要求法语熟练自如。
  • A senior certificate with matric exemption is required for entry to university. 上大学需要有中学毕业的资格证书。
16 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
17 side Ay6w0     
n.边,旁边;面,侧面
参考例句:
  • The shop is on the west side of the street.商店在街道的西边。
  • There was a lot of people on every side. 到处都是人。
18 either pq6x9     
adj.任一,两方的;prep.任一,随便任一个;conj.或,也
参考例句:
  • I have bought two books,you can have either.我买了两本书,你要哪一本都可以。
  • I don't think either of them are at home.我想他们中任何一个都不在家。
19 neither nRTzG     
adj.皆不,两不;int.两者都不;conj.既非,既不
参考例句:
  • I don't know that neither.那个我也不知道。
  • He doesn't smoke neither does he drink.他既不抽烟也不喝酒。
20 going dsHzY9     
n.去,离去,地面(或道路)的状况,工作情况;(复数形式)goings: 行为;adj.进行中的,流行的,现存的
参考例句:
  • We're going to listen to a report this afternoon. 今天下午我们要去听报告。
  • He hates leaving the office and going on holiday.他不愿离开办公室去度假。
21 kilometers e19aac86196b2fc4bfb408fe10698cd9     
n.千米,公里( kilometer的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The deposits spread for 100 kilometers across four counties. 这些矿藏绵延一百公里,跨越四个县。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • They only managed to get over ten kilometers. 他们只走完十公里路。 来自《简明英汉词典》
22 internet xqGzJ6     
n.因特网;互联网络
参考例句:
  • You can find it on the Internet.你可以在因特网上找到它。
  • I surf the Internet two hours a day.我每天上网冲浪两个小时。
23 polluted dlrzEv     
adj.被污染的
参考例句:
  • Polluted air hangs over the city.城市上空被污染的空气所笼罩。
  • The air was polluted by factory smoke.空气被工厂冒的烟污染了。
24 Olympic hm7znG     
adj.奥林匹克的;n.奥林匹克运动会
参考例句:
  • The 1984 Olympic Games was held in Los Angeles.1984年奥林匹克运动会在洛杉矶举行。
  • In the Olympic Games the winner will get a gold medal.在奥运会上优胜者得到一枚金牌。
25 won HfKwf     
vt.赢得(为win的过去式)
参考例句:
  • We won the game in the end.我们最终赢得了比赛。
  • We won the football game.我们赢得了足球赛的胜利。
26 league g1Dxq     
n.同盟,联盟,社团,联合会
参考例句:
  • I'll never forget the day when I joined the Youth League.我永远不会忘记我入团的那一天。
  • Half of the students in our class are League members.我们班有一半学生是团员。
27 television HpRwo     
n.电视(机) [=TV]
参考例句:
  • Do you often watch television?你经常看电视吗?
  • Please turn off the television.请把电视关上。
28 during Dr7x3     
prep.在…期间,在…时候
参考例句:
  • What did you do with yourself during the summer holidays?暑假你是怎样度过的?
  • London is full of visitors during May and June.五六月间伦敦挤满了游客。
29 journey k3mx1     
n.旅行,旅程;路程
参考例句:
  • She will give up this journey.她将放弃这次旅行。
  • The journey home was great fun.回家的旅程非常有趣。
30 tour tnKwg     
n.旅行;旅游;参观;游览
参考例句:
  • He has gone on a walking tour. 他徒步旅行去了。
  • A tour guide took us around the city. 一个导游带我们环游了这个城市。
31 made hAgx2     
v.make的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • They were not made in china.它们不是中国制造的。
  • The monkey made a long arm for the peach.猴子伸臂去摘桃子。
32 mind DDjxa     
n.思想,主意,心意;v.介意,照顾,留心
参考例句:
  • I've changed my mind.我一经转变主意。
  • You really don't mind?你真的不介意?
33 took indwq     
vt.带,载(take的过去式)
参考例句:
  • I took my dog for a walk along the river.我带着狗沿那条河散步。
  • It took me about two hours to cook the meat.我花了大约两个小时来煮这些肉。
34 several STMzb     
adj.几个,若干,数个;各个的,各自的
参考例句:
  • Words often have several meanings.单词往往有若干个意思。
  • Several new members have come into the club since last year.自去年以来,又有些新成员加入了俱乐部。
35 did SvwxP     
v.动词do的过去式
参考例句:
  • How many goals did you score in the last game?上一场比赛你们进了几个球?
  • Why did you choose basketball in the first place?你为何首先选择篮球呢?
36 travels SgWzXZ     
n.旅途, (非正式)旅行笔记,游记;旅行( travel的名词复数 );移动;游历;[机械工程]机械运动(尤指往复运动)v.行进( travel的第三人称单数 );步行;经过;走过…
参考例句:
  • Stories about his travels abound. 有关他游历的故事多得很。
  • She travels in cyberspace by sending messages to friends around the world. 她利用电子空间给世界各地的朋友们发送信件。 来自《简明英汉词典》
37 travelling 0m5wp     
adj.旅行的v.行进( travel的现在分词 );步行;经过;走过…
参考例句:
  • her adventures travelling in Africa 她在非洲旅行时的冒险经历
  • She was alarmed at the prospect of travelling alone. 她一想到独自旅行的情景就害怕。
38 forests e45ba059a62f96d16dbdf4f9357eb83a     
n.森林( forest的名词复数 );丛林;(森林似的)一丛;一片
参考例句:
  • forests planted with beech 山毛榉林
  • The two Frenchmen went through strange adventures in the African forests. 两位法国人在非洲森林里经历了种种奇遇。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
39 voice weUzqh     
n.说话声;声音
参考例句:
  • Her voice was music to my ears.她的声音听起来就像音乐。
  • That song doesn't suit her voice.那首歌不适合她的嗓子。
40 awake oPZyn     
adj.醒的;v.唤醒,唤起,醒来
参考例句:
  • The baby awake is looking here and there.醒着的婴儿东张西望。
  • Please awake me at six.请6点钟唤醒我。
41 sudden YsSw9     
n.突然,忽然;adj.突然的,意外的,快速的
参考例句:
  • All of a sudden he turned about and saw me.他突然转过身来看见了我。
  • The horse was badly frightened by the sudden noise.那匹马被突然而来的嘈杂声吓坏了。
42 shots aca10ece993488f9b58b7f392c45b205     
射手( shot的名词复数 ); 开枪; 发射; 注射
参考例句:
  • The man fired several shots from his pistol. 那个男人用手枪开了几枪。
  • When the shots rang out, everyone hit the deck. 就在枪声传来的时候,大伙都躺倒在地。
43 result fW9xA     
n.结果,成绩,答案;v.产生,起于,致使
参考例句:
  • As a result,he had to leave.结果他只得离开。
  • He was disappointed at the result.他对这样的结果感到失望。
44 pool Vu7yK     
n.水塘(池),游泳池,撞球;vi.形成池塘;vt.集中,积累
参考例句:
  • The swimming pool was opened to the public on July 1.游泳池于七月一日对外开放。
  • At the end of half an hour the pool was nearly dry.这样过了半小时,坑里的水差不多舀光了。
45 prefer BPyxL     
v.宁愿(选择);更喜欢
参考例句:
  • I prefer red to blue.我喜欢红色而不喜欢蓝色。
  • I prefer tea rather than coffee.我喜欢茶甚于喜欢咖啡。
46 exam qnRxI     
n.(=examination)检查;考试
参考例句:
  • I hope to pass this exam.我希望通过这次考试。
  • His exam results were good.他的测验成绩不错。

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