主从复合句--状语从句

（单词翻译）

状语从句：在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。

时间状语从句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如： When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (妈妈回来了我才会走。)

地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever等引导。如：Go back where you came from! (哪里来还滚到哪里去！) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。)

原因状语从句通常由because, since, as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好大学。)

目的状语从句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情态动词。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)

结果状语从句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided¹ never to buy a new one. (他丢了那么多辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。)

比较状语从句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如：Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我书没有你多)

让步状语从句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引导。如：Even if you pay the debt(债务) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我还了债我也不会感谢你,因为它与我毫无关系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,尽管天很冷。)

条件状语从句通常由if, unless, as long as等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即将来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking². (如果明天不下雨我们就要去徒步旅行。)

[注意] 1、because与so；(al)though与but；if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。

 用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句， 原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。                                                                                                                                           

 

1. 时间状语从句

(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：

It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.

While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.

As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.

He had learned³ a little Chinese before he came to China.

After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.

(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：

I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.

I will tell him everything when he comes back.

He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.

(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到……时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到……才……”, “在……以前不……”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：

The young man read till the light went out.

Let’s wait until the rain stops.

     We won’t start until Bob comes.

     Don’t get off until the bus stops.

 比较while, when, as

1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。例如：

　　　 Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 我一刹车，有一个人向我走来。

2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。例如：

　　　 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 赶完活后，你可以休息一下。

3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。例如：

　　　 As the day went on, the weather got worse.　日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。

　　　

比较until和till

　　此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。

　　Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）

　  否定句：She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。

　  Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。

I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。

  区别：

1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如：

Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.

直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。

　　  2）until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。例如：

　            ---Until when are you staying?　你呆到什么时候？

---Until next Monday.　呆到下周一。　

注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。

1）Not until…在句首，主句用倒装。例如：

Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.

直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热为何物。

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

直到工作，才认识到我已蹉跎了几多岁月。

2）It is not until… that… 。例如：

               It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.

2. 条件状语从句

(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：

What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?

Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.

(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：

I’ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow.

He won’t be late unless he is ill.

(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：

 Hurry up, or you’ll be late.

=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.

Study hard and you will pass the exam.

=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

3. 原因状语从句

比较because, since, as和for：

1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。例如：

　  I didn't go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因为我怕。

　  Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay⁴ our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。

2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如：

　  He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。

　  He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。

 (3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。

4. 结果状语从句

(1)结果状语从句由so…that, such…that, so that引导。例如：

He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son.

She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.

My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it.

(2)so…that语such...that可以互换。例如：

在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: “...so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句”。例如：

He was so glad that he couldn’t say a word.

The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.

Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.

在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：

It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.

He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling⁵.

He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.

      有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：

It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.

=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.

It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.

=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.

(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。例如：

Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.

He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema with you.

5. 比较状语从句

比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级 + than…等连词引导。例如：

Tom runs faster than John does.

This classroom is as big as that one.

6. 目的状语从句

(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that引导。例如：

We started early so that we could catch the first train.

He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.

We used the computer in order that we might save time.

(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：

Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)

Jack⁶ is badly ill so that he has to rest.        (结果状语从句)

7. 让步状语从句

1）though, although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。例如：

Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.　虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。

　　  He is very old, but he still works⁷ very hard. 虽然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。

Though the sore be healed⁸, yet a scar⁹ may remain. 伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）

2）  as, though 引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。例如：

　　　Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. 虽然是个小孩，该做什么不做什么，他全知道。

3）  ever if, even though　即使。例如：

　　  We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。

4）  whether…or…　不管……都。例如：

　　  Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你，这确实是真的。

5）　"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" 。例如：

　　  No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管发生什么，他不在意。

　　　替换：no matter what = whatever

　　　　    no matter who = whoever¹⁰

　　　　    no matter when = whenever

　　　　    no matter where = wherever

　　　　    no matter which = whichever

　　　　    no matter how = however

　    注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

　  （错）No matter what you say is of no use now.

　  （对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。（Whatever you say是主语从句）

　　（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,

　  （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。

8. 地点状语从句

     地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如：

     Go where you like.

     Where there is a will, there is a way.

9. 方式状语从句

　　方式状语从句通常由as, （just） as…so…, as if, as though引导。

1）as, （just） as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just） as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体。例如：

　  Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。

　　As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。

　Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward¹¹ ideas from our minds.

　  正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

2）as if, as though

　  两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。例如：

　  They completely¹² ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting¹³.

他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）

　  说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如：

　  He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。

　He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。

　The waves dashed¹⁴ on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。

10. 表示"一…就…"的结构

　  hardly/scarcely¹⁵…when/before, no sooner…than　和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思。例如：

　  I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 刚回家，就下起雨来了。

　  I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

　  As soon as I got home, it began to rain.

　  注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。例如：

　  Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.

　  No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

 

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