主从复合句--定语从句

（单词翻译）

定语从句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

① 定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。)

② 语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词。

③ 关系代词或关系副词的作用：

关系代词who、whom 和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物, 有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)

关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel¹ a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)  

④ 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。)

 

 

 

[注解]

1、关系代词只能用that的情况：当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all, anything等),或先行词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue². (Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西？) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。) 

2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。 如：Do you know the woman who is weeping³ in the corner? (你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗？) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说。)

3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。如：Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。)

             4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room  Miss Li once lived in.) (这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)

1、定语从句中的关系词之三大功能

2、先行词为时间名词、地点名词和reason时，是选用关系代词，关系副词还是“介词+which”呢？

在考查定语从句时往往结合一定的情景，因此，在解答时，必须根据情景和结构功能来选择所给的引导词。同时，还必须牢记一条：引导词不一定都是由先行词的定义来确定的，而是由先行词在定语从句中作什么成分来确定的。换句话说，先行词是表示时间的词，关系词不一定都是when,先行词是表示地点的词，关系词有时非where,先行词是the reason时，关系词why决非唯一。我们应仔细分析先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分。

请比较下面的句子，看看你能否作出正确的选择。试一试吧，你能行的！

①I still remember the days____we spent in the countryside ten years ago.

   A.when     B.on which      C.that       D.for which

 

②Daye,____I visited ten years ago, has turned big city.

    A.where      B.x        C.which        D.to which

③Have you asked her for the reason____may explain for her absence⁴?

   A.why        B.that      C.x       D.for which

④The days are gone forever____we didn’t have enough to eat.

   A.since      B.that      C.where      D.when

⑤This is the very place____the anti-Japanese soldiers fought over 60 years ago.

   A.that      B.which       C.where      D.there

怎么样，玩转了吗？检验一下吧：1 ~ 5 CCBDC

3、定语从句必须修饰一个名词或代词，没有先行词的定语从句是不可想象的。有时，先行词并非一个词乃为一个完整的句子。

   “介词+which”前一定有一个时间、地点名词；而“介词+what”前往往无时间、地点名词。

请量体裁衣，好吗？大胆一点，你会成为一名高级缝纫师的！

1、He lives in _____is called Da Quangou.  (B)

2.Do you know the place in____he used⁵ to live?  (D)

3.Is there a hospital around____I can buy some medicine for cough?  (A)

4.Do you know the hospital around____stand a lot of buildings? (D)

5.He is still working ____he has worked for ten years. (A)

A.where     B.what      C.that      D.which

4、as和 which引导的非限制性从句之异同

as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法既有相同之处，也存不同之点。具体情况是：

（1）as和which都可以在定语从句中作主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：

He married⁶ the girl, as / which was natural.

（2）as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前或之后，甚至还可以分割主句，且常见于as is known⁷, as sb. can know, as sb. know, as is wellknown, as it is, as is said above 等句型中。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如”，“好象”的含义。如：As is known to all, China is a developing⁸ country.

He is from the south, as we can know from his accent⁹.

John, as you know, is a famous writer.

Zhang hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t bielieve.

（3）当定语从句的结构为“主语+谓语+宾语”时，常用which.

如：He came late this morning, which made the teacher very angry.

（4）当先行词由such, the same修饰时，关系词常用as。如：

This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.

注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：

She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding¹⁰.

她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的用一条连衣裙。

She  wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.

她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。

5、定语从句与同位语从句之区别

（1）定语从句修饰先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。

The plane that has just taken off is for Beijing. （定语从句）

The fact that he has already died is quite clear（同位语从句）

（2）定语从句的关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，同位语从句主要由连接词that引导，在从句中一般不充当成分；有时也由where,how, when, who, whether,what等连词引导。但其说明之词并非时间、地点、方式等名词。

The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.（定语从句）

The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.（同位语从句）

I have no idea when he will come back. （同位语从句）

6、定语从句与强调句型之区别

关键是要抓住强调句型的特点，去掉it is (was) …tha后，看这个句子经过整理后是否仍然成立，而在定语从句中that是在从句中充当一定的成分的，若去掉that句子是不成立的。

It is the factory where I worked ten years ago.（定语从句）

It is in the factory that he works¹¹.（强调句型）

7、where,when引导定语从句与其连接的状语从句之辨别

当where、when从句是定语从句时，其前必有一地点名词、时间名词，此时，可换用“介词+which”。当前面没有地点名词、时间名词时，我们不可用 “介词+which”来取代where连接的从句，因为此时的where、when从句乃名词性从句或状语从句。